College students' career choice is influenced by many recessive and dominant factors, which can be basically classified into two categories: subjective factors and objective factors.
(A) the main factors
Subjective factors closely related to self-awareness are generated within the subject, including personality, ability and value orientation. They are often the main factors that affect college students' career choices.
1, personality
Personality and temperament are stable factors in personality, which play a continuous role in college students' career choice and even career success. Holland, an American psychology professor, and his assistant founded the theory of personality type and occupation type. He believes that every professional person can be described by the following six personalities: 1 realistic: this kind of person is handy, interested in labor and likes to spend time doing some mechanical things. They like and are good at completing more specific tasks. Generally engaged in agriculture and machinery industry, this feature is more obvious. 2 research type: this kind of people, represented by scientists, have the characteristics of loving thinking and accuracy; Be patient with abstract things, but don't like socializing and leading activities. Artistic type: represented by artists and musicians, it has the characteristics of creation, disobedience and self-expression; I usually don't like routine work and repetitive tasks. Social type: represented by teachers and counselors, like interpersonal communication, usually service-oriented, extroverted and like to know people; But I don't like forbidden organization and mechanical operation. Enterprise type: represented by salespeople and managers, they like to manipulate people with social skills to achieve economic benefits. Traditional: represented by meeting and note-taking operators, they prefer information-based work to vague activities. Introverted college students, for example, generally do not choose careers that require more self-expression and self-emphasis, such as salesmen, speakers, lawyers and journalists. Even if they choose this kind of occupation, they will feel extremely uncomfortable, and the obstacles caused by it will affect their career success. However, books management, theoretical research, microcomputer operation and other occupations have a strong attraction to them, because they have less contact with people, need a high degree of care and patience, and need to complete their work in silence and loneliness.
Interest is the best teacher and plays an important role in college students' career choice. Sociological research shows that the labor productivity of workers who independently choose occupations that are consistent with their interests, hobbies and abilities is 40% higher than that of workers who do not meet the requirements. According to the data, if a person is interested in a certain job, he can remain efficient for a long time without feeling tired. People who are not interested in work can only play 20%-30% of their full talents, and they are also easily exhausted. One of the important reasons why college students have outstanding achievements in their careers, or have professional advantages without work performance, is the problem of professional interest. The internal driving force generated by interest forms an enterprising working spirit, which will unconsciously push them to overcome various difficulties. Hobbies will also change, but once they are determined, they will provide motivation for career choice and lay the foundation for career success.
2. Ability
Ability refers to the ability to complete certain activities, including the specific ways and necessary psychological characteristics to complete certain activities. Ability is often compared with knowledge, and the completion of any career requires the participation and cooperation of ability and knowledge. Ability belongs to a dynamic system, while knowledge belongs to an empirical system. Mastering knowledge must be based on a certain ability, and mastering knowledge requires the improvement of corresponding ability.
It has been proved that college students can enter the university gate, that is, they have general abilities, such as observation ability, reaction ability, abstract generalization ability and so on. At the same time, after years of basic study and professional study, college students also have special abilities, that is, the abilities needed to engage in special activities, such as writing ability and mathematics ability. Both general ability and special ability provide a reference system and locator for college students' career choice. In the choice of major, the ability factor plays a reference role. Those with poor writing skills generally do not choose journalism and literature majors, and those with poor language skills generally do not choose English and pedagogy majors. In career choice, ability factor plays the role of locator. College students who are not good at writing will not give priority to secretarial work, but those who have preliminary theoretical research ability and achieved practical results are likely to continue their studies in this major in order to maximize their ability.
Among college students, it is a common phenomenon to regard one's own ability as a factor in career choice. Although they may misjudge their abilities, they will still weigh their abilities as an aspect when making choices. It is realistic that low-ability college students consciously choose high-ability occupations or that high-ability college students consciously prefer low-ability occupations. These two choices either lead to a sense of occupational maladjustment or a waste of human resources. Unless the applicant is fully confident or the career is attractive enough, college students should try their best to find a suitable position in the professional group that their ability allows, so that the possibility of career success will be greatly enhanced.
3. Value orientation
Value orientation is the core part of a person's consciousness system, which fundamentally restricts other major factors. It is a hidden and stable factor, which is not easy to be observed and felt, but it does not prevent the value orientation factor from becoming the original factor affecting college students' career orientation and choice.
Value orientation is the concretization and directionality of values and a person's general attitude towards all kinds of things. This attitude shows a relatively clear and single trend and emotion, and becomes a value orientation. With the basic stereotypes of values, the value orientation of college students is also basically stereotyped. Specific to the field of professional knowledge, college students' pursuit and rejection of a certain value, their preference and disgust for something, and their yearning and avoidance of a certain emotion have become the most closely related parts of value orientation. A college student can work to make a living, escape the emptiness of life and realize his dreams. In the eyes of college students, a job may have many meanings, which directly affects career orientation and choice.
Excluding the real career, only looking at the career pursuit is the expression of college students' value orientation, or the pursuit of a certain value. A profession must embody certain value and must be supported by certain value. From the value point of view, if the value support under the professional phenomenon disappears, then this profession will lose its meaning of existence. College students pay attention to real life and are eager for economic benefits instead of pursuing material benefits, which is precisely the reason why college students hold a strong rejection attitude towards low-income professional groups such as workers and farmers. Some college students have a strong yearning for spiritual realization career, not because they ignore or even deny the real existence and material realization, but only because their spiritual needs and spiritual realization exceed material needs and material realization in the value orientation structure, and only because spiritual factors in the value structure occupy an advantageous position in career choice.
The above is the influence of value orientation on career orientation and choice from the perspective of college students. In fact, the university's value orientation, the professional society's value orientation and the parents' value orientation have all participated in the construction process of college students' career orientation and choice, but they have all been integrated into the college students' value system and become a part of it.
(B) the object factor
Objective factors refer to the sum of environmental factors in career choice, including the career itself. If the subject factor plays a fundamental role, then the object factor plays a role of restriction and balance.
1, social evaluation
College students are in the ivory tower, but they don't live in the real state. The tendentious attitude of professional society towards all kinds of occupations will always penetrate into the psychology of college students' career evaluation through various channels such as media, habits and public opinion, and become an important aspect of college students' socialization understanding. Although we often hear that "there are different occupations, and there is no high or low occupation", in reality, people actually have a general understanding of the distinction between high and low occupations, which is the social evaluation of occupations. Social evaluation of occupation is strongly restricted by social psychology. Generally speaking, what kind of social psychology, what kind of social evaluation, especially in the contemporary society where traditional psychology is still deeply rooted, professional social evaluation often reflects a strong traditional and conservative color. The more underdeveloped areas, the more obvious this is. Although individual industrial and commercial households are rich, their social evaluation has not been high, which is closely related to the ancient popular concept of light business, and it is precisely the light business consciousness that has become the main psychological obstacle for college students to enter the ranks of individuals.
Social evaluation of occupation is a dynamic development process. In the 1950s, the public showed great interest in farmers' occupations; in the 1960s, social interest was transferred to workers; in the 1970s, soldiers became their career aspirations. In the 1980s after the reform and opening up, administrative cadres and financial personnel became popular occupations. In the 1990s, with the establishment and development of market economy, going to sea became the career goal of many people. The reason why a profession is favored and evolves so rapidly is determined by the specific content of each era.
Social evaluation of career has a subtle influence on college students' career choice, which has entered the field of college students' social cognition and become an unconscious consideration, especially when they lack in-depth understanding and personal experience of a certain career, the role of social evaluation will be particularly prominent. The content of college students' social evaluation will also change. The renewal of ideas, the impact of ideas and the adjustment of value orientation will change its original content and even rearrange the sequence of ideal occupations. However, no matter how it changes, the influence of social evaluation on college students' career choice always exists, and the problem is only the size of the influence.
2. Economic benefits
Economic interests play an increasingly important role in the career choice of college students today. The developing commodity economy will inevitably lead to the rise of money consciousness, which is a good thing, not only a good thing, but also a huge change and possibility. This is a good thing, because a profession must have material incentives to maintain its long-term appeal, otherwise it will not win the favor of the selector. It is not only a good thing, because if the money consciousness is blindly expanded, it will inevitably damage the true colors of many occupations, and occupations will no longer be "occupations" but degenerate into tools for obtaining economic benefits. Someone once said that in contemporary China society, money plays the role of God. This statement can be put on some people, but if it applies to everyone (including college students), it is too radical. However, the rapid spread and enhancement of money awareness is an undeniable fact for anyone.
Historically, the above phenomenon is a strong rebound to the traditional career choice. The occupation choice under the planned economy resolutely excludes the intervention of economic factors, and the economic income of different occupations is almost the same. The salary of college students after graduation is stipulated by the state, and the income difference of various occupations is quite small, so small that it is completely ignored in career choice. With the reform of economic structure, the economic income gap between different occupations began to expand rapidly, even to the extent that the income of some occupations was unacceptable and caused social dissatisfaction. In addition, the existence of a large number of gray incomes has caused the imbalance of social psychology, and the growing role of God of Wealth is a lively drama directed by this unbalanced mentality.
For college graduates who have just left the ivory tower and have not yet entered the professional society, economic factors cannot be fully interpreted. They can only pursue economic income and get economic income within their ability. However, if the labor paid by college students cannot be realized with reasonable economic remuneration, it will prompt them to re-choose their careers and put economic interests in a more important position. College students are not detached saints and spiritual monsters, and economic leverage plays an important role in the career choice of contemporary college students.
3. Family
Family will leave a deep impression on the major events in life, in which the career choice of college students combines the wishes of parents. The prelude to career choice is professional choice, and many parents' professional choice for their children is not a verbal command. The influence of parents is gradually integrated into the psychological structure of college students through the influence of family environment. College students from peasant families have strong feelings about their parents' farming life. Judging from parents' manners and inculcation, college students as children will refuse to choose their parents' careers. College students from art families are likely to inherit their parents' professional values and embark on their parents' career path through long-term contact with family members. However, when children conflict with their parents in their career goals, or when children try their best to get rid of their parents' will, contradictions will arise between them. Parents have a natural tendency to simply equate their love for their children with their control or even interference. What parents often say to their children is: I am doing it for your own good. "Doing this" is a measure for parents to control their children, and "for your own good" is a manifestation of parents' love for their children. Through such a simple sentence, parents will get legal form and emotional support to control their children.
After graduating from college, college students are faced with specific career choices. At this time, the role of the family is highlighted. But at this time, its influence is far less than before, because college students have rich professional knowledge, clearer professional consciousness, more mature psychology and less psychological dependence on their families. However, family, as the backing force of college students, will not fundamentally lose its influence on career choice, especially when children are hesitant on the road of career choice and seek help, the role of parents' will will will be amplified, which will have an important impact on their career choice. Some college students have chosen a career completely according to their own wishes, while others have been introduced to the careers that their parents are engaged in or want their children to engage in. In the latter case, their children and college students are regarded as an extension of their parents' hopes or representatives of their families, and their mission is to realize their parents' ideals. The effect of this kind of career choice can't be generalized, but it also hides a danger invisibly, that is, if the career practice is not satisfactory, then children are likely to blame their parents for this result and let their parents bear the responsibility of unsatisfactory career practice.
Career choice is of great significance to every college student's life. Although college students' career choice is influenced or even interfered by multiple factors, after years of study, college students must start with their first career choice. After practical career attempts, find a career that suits your own characteristics and abilities, or stick to your favorite career or make career corrections until you find a suitable career. In other words, in this process, college students' professional consciousness can be fully realized, and their professional ability and professional requirements, professional reality and professional ideal can be balanced.