Material 1:
According to statistics, every year in China, there are 60 million victims who need assistance, 22 million urban residents live below the minimum security line, 75 million rural poor and low-income people, and 60 million disabled people need assistance. In recent years, natural disasters, accidents, social security incidents and other public emergencies have caused more than one million casualties and economic losses of 650 billion yuan, accounting for 6% of China's GDP. How to establish a perfect and effective social assistance system is becoming more and more important.
Near the Spring Festival in 2008, a large-scale rain and snow weather swept across most of China. This extremely serious low-temperature freezing rain, snow and ice disaster lasted for a long time, and the cooling range and precipitation intensity covered a wide range. The rare disaster in history coincided with the peak of Spring Festival travel rush, which caused many difficulties to the people in the disaster area and seriously affected the economic and social development.
The process of disaster relief has tested the government's emergency response ability and organization and coordination ability to deal with public emergencies. Under the leadership of the State Council of the CPC Central Committee, leaders at all levels were moved by the disaster and went to the front line of disaster relief for on-site guidance. All sectors of society extended warm hands and spared no effort in disaster relief. However, relevant departments and industries have broken traditional habits and joined hands to fight disasters. The power supply in some places has been gradually restored, and some roads and railways blocked by snow are gradually unblocked. It is precisely because our government has taken strong measures to reduce the loss of this snowstorm. A senior UN official in charge of disaster reduction said that the China government quickly launched the emergency plan for disaster relief and actively allocated national resources, which met the needs of hundreds of millions of people affected by the disaster. Governments all over the world can learn from the government of China.
Material 2:
Generally speaking, the policy response to the snowstorm is timely and effective, and four forces have played a role: one is the government, and the other is the military and police. Among them, 102 General organized to guide passengers. Third, enterprises have made great contributions through social organizations and the government, and finally, the insurance system. These forces have formed this rescue system, which is effective. However, there are also many places worthy of reflection. I hope the government can establish a better linkage mechanism and let all kinds of social forces participate in it. .
Social organization is an indispensable force. But in reality, we can see the following headlines from the media: "collective disappearance of real estate enterprises", "silence of automobile industry", "disappearance of the role of insurance industry", and the slow action of non-profit organizations and social institutions. Many companies also said that they did not want to donate, but could not find the corresponding channels; However, many social welfare and charitable organizations also express donations or love actions, but they can't find the corresponding ministries of government departments. In this regard, a person in charge of the Red Cross said that what is the snowstorm and what is the social demand? We can't get information from the government, and we rely entirely on the information reported to us below. Therefore, when we don't know the disaster situation, we won't appeal easily. There are many levels of appeals issued by the Red Cross, so there are rules for us to follow the procedures, so it seems a bit slow. In the event of emergencies and emergencies, the government, enterprises and non-governmental forces, including the insurance industry, should coordinate. How does this thing work together? Originally, there was a set of emergency measures and division of responsibilities, but the role of this set of things did not come into play. I hope that there will be a mechanism for social forces and social organizations to actively participate in this activity in the future; Second, I hope that some information release mechanisms, such as social needs, which areas are most lacking in what materials, will be done collectively.
Material 3:
Some people think that once ordinary people face unexpected events and get into trouble, they often rely on limited charity because of their conscience discovery. When natural disasters occur and a large number of victims need assistance, a higher level of emergency assistance will be launched. Personal assistance from the people is touching, but it is also very fragile. Fundamentally speaking, there are no laws and regulations to regulate and protect private assistance. Because the state has not formulated corresponding laws and regulations, the assistance to the poor is not legalized and cannot be guaranteed by law. Because there are no relevant laws and regulations to restrict social assistance, social assistance has become the first principle. What we need is not only the charity of some good people, or the goodwill of relevant government departments, but also the basic protection of the law. Under the protection of the Constitution, every citizen should be in the social assistance system naturally or naturally. Social assistance system, as a social security system to ensure the basic livelihood of the needy, is the gospel of the needy and the cornerstone of social stability.
Material 4:
Since the poor law in Britain, social assistance and social work have formed an indissoluble bond. social worker
The significance of work to social assistance lies in its value and scientific method. Adhering to the values of social work and using social work methods can be closer to the recipients, understand their needs and serve them, thus achieving better relief effects. In the past, the disaster relief work of government departments not only focused on services, but also focused on management. However, modern social assistance work emphasizes people-oriented and service. Therefore, the concepts and methods of social work are more meaningful for better social assistance, and government departments should also be aware of this.
It is also necessary to train rescuers in social work. At present, the degree of specialization in the field of social assistance in China is low. From a national perspective, there are very few people who have really received professional training. Take the quality of rural five-guarantee management service personnel as an example. A recent survey shows that among more than 70,000 employees in nursing homes, only about 1 0,000 have college education, accounting for 1.4% of the total number, while more than 70% have junior high school education or below. The quality of rescuers is not high, which makes it difficult to provide their service level.
In an emergency, people's mentality is inevitably unbalanced and their mood fluctuates greatly, which requires the help of professional psychological counselors. Although some governments are aware of this problem this time, they have organized manpower to deal with it. But there are not many professional teams and talents. The government should turn passivity into initiative and establish a permanent talent pool to deal with the crisis. In foreign countries, most professional social workers undertake this work.
Material 5:
654381October 26th, Guangzhou train stopped on a large scale due to the paralysis of China Southern Power Grid, and the military, police, health and medical departments entered a state of emergency. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, Spring Festival travel rush's emergency plan was launched.
On this day, another group of people automatically chose to enter a state of emergency. A graduate student of a university noticed the media reports about stranded passengers at the railway station. He picked up the phone and began to contact the Youth League Committee and the Student Affairs Office of the school. The head of Guangdong Lingnan Lions Club, a non-governmental organization, began to contact the civil affairs department, hoping to donate materials. Teacher Fan chose this day to contact Guangzhou Railway Station and Spring Festival travel rush Rushing Command of East Railway Station, and Guangzhou Christian Three-Self Patriotic Movement Committee chose to invite Guangzhou Religious Affairs Bureau, hoping that Christian volunteers with rich volunteer experience can also contribute to this. The relevant departments contacted by volunteers at the first time are varied, and no one knows which department is coordinating volunteers. Individuals who want to contribute are trying to find an organization, and the organization is applying to the competent department for approval.
The relevant leaders of Yuexiu District Civil Affairs Bureau in Guangzhou said that they did not expect that there were so many enthusiastic people in the society and the resources available for us were so rich. Guangzhou Railway Station is located in Yuexiu District. Yuexiu District Civil Affairs Bureau plays an important role in the resettlement of stranded passengers in railway stations, and social volunteers and volunteers play an important role in assisting their work. This sudden incident, which began in 2008, seems to make government departments and non-governmental volunteer organizations find a possibility of resource docking.
1October 27th 65438, Yuexiu District Volunteer Organization Association under Yuexiu District Civil Affairs Bureau immediately mobilized. In addition, members of party member Volunteer Brigade of Yuexiu District Civil Affairs Bureau and some residents' committee staff immediately joined the material distribution team. On the 27th, all volunteers of Yuexiu District Civil Affairs System were in place. On this day, the villagers who want to help the stranded people in the railway station as volunteers are still waiting.
128, 65438, an open letter finally appeared on the website of Guangzhou Youth Volunteers: "In order to ensure the safe and orderly development of Spring Festival travel rush's work in 2008, according to the spirit of the relevant meeting of the Municipal Party Committee and the municipal government and the unified deployment and arrangement of the Spring Festival travel rush Work Office, volunteers are now organized to carry out volunteer service in Spring Festival travel rush. On this day, nearly 200,000 people were stranded at the railway station. In the past work in Spring Festival travel rush, the Civil Affairs Bureau was not the main force. The once-in-50-year disaster pushed the Civil Affairs Bureau to the front line of large-scale emergency rescue for the first time. On October 28th, 65438/KLOC-0, the number of people suddenly increased, and the Liu Hua Pavilion, where passengers were placed, became crowded. The relief items distributed at this time are likely to cause riots. We paused and quickly found a second plan. " Relevant comrades of Guangzhou Civil Affairs Bureau recalled that they did not recruit social volunteers at first, because the work of the Civil Affairs Bureau system was very orderly. They didn't expect that more and more passengers would stay behind. In the afternoon, the staff of the Civil Affairs Bureau on duty near the railway station once again felt that there were not enough people. They immediately began to contact non-governmental organizations that they had worked with in the past, as well as some volunteer organizations that came to the door to provide disaster relief.
Most of the work arranged by the Civil Affairs Bureau for volunteers is to distribute materials in relatively safe areas to ease the flow of people. Only a few volunteers can go deep into the crowd to distribute materials after approval and organization. The criteria for selecting these volunteers are their physical health and high degree of discipline. This disaster relief only accepts organized and officially registered social volunteers. Some middle school students and foreigners want to join this service and are finally persuaded to leave. There have also been citizens who raised their own food and clothing and tried to enter the railway station area for distribution, only to find that they were full of enthusiasm but could not start their work.
In the volunteer team, the behavior of disobeying the unified deployment of the Civil Affairs Bureau occasionally appears. A team of volunteers from a water supply unit in Guangzhou went to the passenger detention area to distribute bottled water by themselves. They may think that the passengers there need more help, but they did not expect to cause a small-scale riot. The police immediately came to stop it. The bottled water just delivered instantly hit the police and volunteers, and the anxiety of the stranded passengers was on the verge.
"When using volunteers, our first consideration is whether the safety of volunteers is guaranteed. With such a large flow of people, how can volunteers walk in front of the PLA and the police? What if there is a stampede? " The idea of the Civil Affairs Bureau has not been recognized by some enthusiastic young volunteers, who feel that they should serve where they are most needed. These situations described by civil affairs personnel were confirmed by other volunteers.
On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, nearly 200,000 passengers returned to Guangzhou Railway Station from the Canton Fair and other tourist gathering places in one day, and the human wall formed by the armed police was once washed away by the surging crowd. That night, a post entitled "A Record of Volunteers in Guangzhou Railway Station: Angry Volunteers" appeared in Tianya Community and was widely forwarded. "Today, as a volunteer working in Spring Festival travel rush Peak, as an enthusiastic college student, it is not love, not enthusiasm, but helplessness, helplessness!" "What we do is the influx of people. The exhibition hall can only rest and can't wait for the bus. If you want to get on the train, you have to wait at the train station, but someone still asks us with the newspaper of the day. Before long, a large number of people poured in, saying that the staff at the railway station told them to wait in the lobby. As a volunteer, I am very helpless. We don't know the latest news, nor do we know how to inform them. Looking at the 2-year-old child who has been waiting for 5 days, I can't help crying. " In this article, the author mentioned that donated materials were piled on the ceiling but not distributed. "Even if the mother brings her child to ask for a piece of paper, we volunteers have to bow to the people in the civil affairs department before agreeing." In the end, they chose to steal. "When the civil affairs department opened the sealed food, we quietly put it in a bag and walked into the crowd, giving it to the elderly and children when they were not paying attention.
However, the voice on the Internet is not a one-sided criticism of the Civil Affairs Bureau. The staff of Lingnan Lions Club views the online inquiry about the Civil Affairs Bureau as follows: "As a volunteer leader of a charity organization, from 1 till now, I have been helping the Civil Affairs Bureau to distribute goods in the square of the second-hand goods fair from 10 to the early morning every night, and I have had countless dealings with the people of the Civil Affairs Bureau. In fact, to be honest, they are also very hard. Most of them have been fighting for 7-8 days in a row and sleep less than 5 hours a day. The staff of the Ministry of Civil Affairs are all deployed, but the manpower is far from enough. Now even the civil servants in all the streets are out. Some civil servants have no experience in civil affairs and immediately put into work. Sometimes it is no wonder that they have shortcomings such as attitude and behavior.
Another kind of controversy exists among volunteer organizations. Since various NGOs including Guangzhou Volunteers, Lions Club, YMCA and Wheat Field Project often work in the same area, it is easy for volunteers belonging to different groups to observe each other. There are teams that mobilize a large number of people, but are loosely managed and lack cohesion, and there are also organizations that are rational and calm and have certain emergency professionalism. This emergency rescue is also the first time that many non-governmental organizations have faced a major test.
Media reports on disaster relief have aroused great public concern, and donations of folk materials are very enthusiastic. There is such a voice on the Internet: "For the materials sent to the Civil Affairs Bureau, the conditions they accept are very harsh: they can't use old ones, and they have to invoice for food. They often send a lot. They choose some and take the rest home. For surplus materials that have not been distributed, the Civil Affairs Bureau may take them to the Love Supermarket for sale. "
Why do you want to selectively accept materials and why do you want to have food invoices are actually problems that must be paid attention to in the process of emergency rescue. Comrades from the Civil Affairs Bureau said: "Someone once offered to donate 2000 copies of fried noodles to us, but we didn't accept it. We don't know whether it is safe to eat this kind of fried noodles. A large number of people offer to donate clothes, but old clothes are often not accepted. Old clothes must be disinfected before they can be distributed, and there are many people crowded. Once infectious diseases are uncontrollable and time is tight, we have no manpower and material resources to do this work. "
In this rare large-scale mobilization and rescue operation, most ordinary people and volunteers, like some front-line government civil servants, lack the relevant knowledge of emergency rescue and donation, and the above information has not been conveyed in time and clearly during and after the disaster. The lack of information dissemination system exists not only in the process of material donation, but also in the organization and management of volunteers. Even front-line civil servants are often unaware of many changes. Organizers of the volunteer team of Lingnan Lions Club need to collect relevant information, such as where the refund point is and where the toilet is. Before they go out through the internet and the media, they will sort it out and tell volunteers so that volunteers can provide accurate information when they meet passengers' inquiries. Volunteers are used to watching the panic scene of groups of passengers carrying luggage suddenly coming in and out. "All the incorrect information misled them." A young volunteer in Guangzhou thinks so. Obviously, this railway station rescue operation not only provided the government with an opportunity to mobilize social volunteers on a large scale, but also was an unprecedented experience for many NGOs. When the government finds that there are so many people's forces to mobilize, it is both an opportunity and a challenge. As early as 2005, Guangzhou Civil Affairs Bureau proposed that the number of registered volunteers in Guangzhou should reach the goal of 8% of the registered population needed to create a civilized city this year, that is, the number of volunteers should reach 600,000. However, some volunteers who have been engaged in voluntary service for a long time have given the evaluation that "the government is important, not the quality". /kloc-Guangzhou, with a population of more than 0/0 million, has no shortage of volunteers, let alone enthusiastic volunteers. What is lacking is the targeted management of volunteers by the government. "I hope this is not the only cooperation with the government." This is the expectation of the head of a student charity organization that has not been officially registered with the Civil Affairs Bureau. A person in charge of Yuexiu District Civil Affairs Bureau Community Service Center said that they are considering whether they can apply their experience of working with volunteers to the mobilization and management of volunteers for the 20 10 Guangzhou Asian Games.
Material 6:
In this snowstorm, on the whole, most of the functions of disaster relief were undertaken by local government departments at all levels, and the government became the absolute main force of disaster relief. In fact, in a complex and pluralistic modern society, the functions of the government are not omnipotent, and it is inevitable that the government will be stretched to the limit to bear all the responsibilities and risks of disaster relief. In the face of major natural disasters, NGO (non-governmental organization), as a social autonomy mechanism, has its unique advantages and functions in dealing with emergencies. Integrating the resources and strength of government and non-governmental organizations and strengthening cooperation and coordination are the characteristics and trends of modern emergency mechanism.
Due to the complicated administrative system, the government disaster relief countermeasures headquarters was established on the third day after the Hanshin earthquake in Japan on 1995. Before the government's response procedure was started, a large number of non-governmental organizations and volunteers from all over the country had arrived at the scene and began to organize resources, transport materials and carry out rescue. After the crisis, NGOs that have been silent have been recognized in Japan. This shows that in an emergency, non-governmental organizations can make up for the lack of government functions and even play a role that government departments cannot play. Clinton, former president of the United States and special envoy of the United Nations Secretary-General for tsunami reconstruction, summed up eight experiences in Indian Ocean tsunami relief work, one of which is to give full play to the role of non-governmental organizations in disaster relief work. In the tsunami relief, non-governmental organizations took on one-third of the aid funds and practical work, and became an indispensable force in disaster relief.
Since the reform and opening-up, the number and scale of non-governmental organizations in China have developed greatly. According to statistics from the Ministry of Civil Affairs, by the end of 2004, there were 283,700 NGOs in China. However, since its birth, China's non-governmental organizations have been faced with the problems of no distinction between government and society, imperfect relevant laws and difficult implementation, which has brought many problems such as serious shortage of resource mobilization ability and low operation efficiency of non-governmental organizations. Some scholars believe that non-governmental organizations are relatively small and respond flexibly and quickly to emergencies. After the disaster, on the one hand, they can rush to the scene for rescue, on the other hand, they can immediately organize donations and mobilize volunteers to respond in time. The government should not only judge the real situation, but also report it through a huge management system and make decisions at different levels before taking action, which often misses the best opportunity for disaster relief.
Material 7:
Judging from the current sources of social assistance funds in China, the government's public financial input accounts for the vast majority. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, China's civil affairs expenditure in 2006 was 78.23 billion yuan, which is a drop in the bucket for more than 40 million urban poor people who need assistance. In this freezing rain and snow disaster, all walks of life have donated money to help each other. According to statistics, as of February 12, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Red Cross Society of China, china charity federation and seven hardest hit areas have received nearly 65,438.02 billion yuan in donations for disaster relief. According to the statistics of china charity federation, 75% of China's annual donations come from abroad, of which 25% come from China, 15% is donated by the rich, and 10% is donated by ordinary people. In the United States, 10% of charitable donations come from companies, 5% from large foundations and 85% from the private sector.
The charitable behavior of enterprises in China began with direct donation, and most of the recipients were various government-run foundations. Many influential public fundraising foundations were born in government departments. For example, the China Youth Development Foundation is run by the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, the China Youth Development Foundation is run by the All-China Women's Federation, and the China Foundation for Poverty Alleviation is run by the Ministry of Agriculture. One of the main obstacles to the development of non-governmental charitable organizations in China is the high entry threshold. As the basis for the establishment of non-governmental organizations, the law "Regulations on the Registration and Management of Social Organizations" is not only complicated in application procedures, but also harsh in examination conditions. For example, when a non-governmental organization registers with the civil affairs department, it must have a party and government organ as the competent department and must be approved by the competent department. This makes many non-governmental charitable organizations unable to be established because they can't find a competent department to link with them, or take the curve route of saving the country and seek legal registration by means of industrial and commercial registration. However, such operations must be taxed according to the standards of enterprises, and the cost burden of organizing operations is quite heavy. At the same time, the shortage of staff, especially professionals, is also a prominent problem that plagues the foundations set up by a considerable number of enterprises. Charity activities need a professional charity project organization and management personnel, which is the most difficult problem in China.
In western developed countries, the most powerful means for the government to support the development of charity is to formulate a clear and preferential tax exemption policy. However, China's current tax exemption policy is vague, the preferential amount is low, and the procedures are cumbersome, which invisibly hits the enthusiasm of people, especially enterprises. For example, according to China's current tax law, enterprises can enjoy tax-free treatment, and once the donation amount exceeds 3%, enterprises will pay taxes on the excess donation. This leads to the more corporate donations, the more taxes they pay. For individuals, the cumbersome procedures for enjoying tax-free treatment are also prohibitive.
In the event of a disaster, most government agencies and units always allocate donations or materials according to their heads and positions. Donations have a fixed amount, which is administrative and lacks voluntariness, independence and consciousness. Generally speaking, whether to donate or not seems unreasonable, and it is easy to be "alternative" at present. I donated money and materials, and I would like to know where these money and materials are used and whether they have played a role in helping in time. At present, the publicity and supervision system of charities in China has not been fully established, which leads to the lack of necessary self-discipline, supervision and auditing, no professional division of labor in fundraising and execution, loopholes in management, arbitrary use of donations, and even embezzlement, misappropriation and corruption of donations, which makes the credibility and efficiency of charities often questioned.
Recently, a media focused on the entrepreneurs in Tangshan New Era, but the entrepreneurs in Tangshan New Era complained that "good things are hard to do, but good doors are hard to open." Li claimed to be a "hello-oriented" donor. She told reporters that she had participated in various charitable activities such as donating money and materials for victims of natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, out-of-school children, leukemia patients, etc., but every time it needed to be achieved through street organizations or media sponsorship. Usually, if you want to do good deeds, you always need to ask around, and it is inevitable that there will be a feeling that "a good door is hard to find". Mr. Liu, who is engaged in the jewelry and jade business, belongs to "staying behind"-every donation is left behind and never leaves a name. When he was interviewed, he warned him not to reveal his name, and bluntly said that he didn't want to be an anonymous living Lei Feng to do good deeds, but his business was also profitable, so as not to attract attention from the society and cause trouble. Li Shufu, the chairman of Geely Holding Group, which ranked fifth in Hurun's charity list, spent 50 million yuan to help 1000 poor students complete their college studies, but at the same time he had to spend another 2 million yuan to find real recipients. The reason is that some poor students with official seals sent by relevant departments in the past are not poor, but actually there are children of leaders. Corruption and high cost of charity are Li Shufu's helplessness, which is also a microcosm of China's charity dilemma.
Material 8:
Many government departments in the south believe that cold protection is something to be considered in the north. Under the guidance of this awareness, when making local production plans and arranging the lives of local people, naturally, the problem of "cold protection" is rarely considered. After the cold weather in Wuhan for 50 years, many water supply pipelines in the urban area were frozen and cracked, causing a large-scale water cut-off accident. After inspection, it was found that the frost resistance of many water supply pipelines was not enough. For example, the freezing weather in Guizhou province led to the collapse of power supply facilities and cable breakage, which is also a problem that the power supply department underestimated the bad weather during construction. Therefore, these facilities and cables have defects in load-bearing and anti-freezing design. The rain and snow only lasted for more than half a month. In China, 40.99 million kilowatts of generating units were forced to shut down because there was no coal to generate electricity, which forced many places to lose power. This is not so much caused by the snowstorm as a problem with the management mechanism of electric coal. In China, most thermal power plants take 10 to 12 as the normal coal inventory, and 5 days as the warning line. In the United States, the thermal coal inventory of thermal power plants remains at about 40 days. General disastrous weather affects the normal operation of generator sets. By comparing the two, we can see why our ability to resist disasters is fragile.
Material 9:
In the face of this rare low-temperature rain, snow and freezing disaster in 2008, many people still stubbornly choose to travel. Finally, because of objective reasons, many people don't know how to save themselves and each other, and they are completely in a passive state of waiting for rescue. Some people lost control and some fainted, further increasing the difficulty of government rescue. In some developed countries, primary schools offer special courses to teach children how to deal with various disasters such as heavy snow and heavy rain. In this way, in the process of dealing with bad weather, people are no longer simply in a passive state of waiting for rescue, but know how to save themselves and each other and reduce the burden on the government. Take the snowstorm in the northeastern United States in 2005 as an example. Although the snowstorm caused10.5 million households to lose power, people made preparations at home, stocked cold-proof materials at home, and told their families not to go out casually, so it did not have a great impact on people's lives. If we also pay close attention to education in this field, a large number of passengers will not rush to the station without knowing the danger, and it is possible to avoid the danger of starvation and freezing to death.
Third, the answer requirements
(1) What are the main problems reflected in material 7? Please summarize it in about 200 words. Requirements: comprehensive summary, clear organization and fluent language. (20 points)
(2) According to Material 5, in no more than 300 words, briefly put forward "measures taken by the government to further strengthen volunteer work". Requirements: The measures are comprehensive, feasible, operable and clear. (30 points)
(3) According to all given materials (only given materials), write a strategic article of about 800 words with the topic of "Countermeasures to improve the level of social assistance". Requirements: complete structure, comprehensive and feasible measures, strong operability, clear organization and smooth writing. (50 points)