Keywords: phrase slapping, solidification and generalization of meaning
First, about? Fight? word
Verb? Fight? It is one of the most complicated words in Chinese, and it is also one of the most valued words by scholars. It can be traced back to Ouyang Xiu as early as Liu Bannong, Fu Huaiqing, Hu, Yu Min and other old gentlemen. They all made in-depth and detailed analysis and discussion on this.
About what? Fight? In the study of Chinese characters, Ouyang Xiu recorded in Volume II of Return to the Field:? What's wrong with today's secular speech? All gentlemen and villains share its fallacies. Fight? Word ear. Its original meaning refers to examination, so old people fight with each other and hit each other with objects, which are all called beatings, while artificial gold and silver vessels, also known as beatings, can be carried out, which means hammering. As for the shipbuilding car, it is said that it is a boat ride, a net fish to catch fish, a water to draw water, a servant to cook at noon, a soldier to clothe and eat, and an attendant to carry an umbrella: everything is called beating. ? [ 1]
Mr. Liu Bannong once wrote Elegance, which was listed 10 1? Fight? Meaning, call it? Ambiguous? The word asshole. Mr. Hu said to him? Fight? "An article? Fight? An analysis of the verb meaning of is? Verbs that shock, attack, wave and blur? Four categories and 98 meanings. Mr. Fu Huaiqing? Fight? Word meaning analysis is classified into 29 word meanings, and Vas's A Brief Analysis of Chinese Word Meaning puts? Fight? Separated from polysemous words, called? Common words? , Yu Min? Fight? Ya is divided into seven categories and thirty-two meanings. Besides,? Modern Chinese Dictionary (1978 edition) has more than 10000 words, of which 25 words have more than ten meanings, among which 24 words have meanings between 10 ~ 20, while? Fight? There are 24 senses, ranking first. ? Visible,? Fight? It is indeed the most meaningful verb, which not only has many meanings in itself, but also has different views on its analysis results.
Second,? Fight? The development history of righteousness.
Fight? It is a new word that appeared in the post-Han period. The earliest written records can be found in Guangya and Shi Wen San? Fight, fight? . Also "unscramble": Dou, Meng Ye.
Hu said, "Say what? Fight? Mentioned in ":"? Existing literature first appeared? Fight? The word "Dream Fu" was written by Wang Yanshou in the Eastern Han Dynasty: straight to the eye, straight to the third skull. ? In addition, it also summarizes Hu: according to the materials at hand, fight? From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty, the meaning of "Shi" was relatively simple, basically? Beat? The meaning of. After the Tang Dynasty, especially several generations of China vernacular works. Fight? The use of Chinese characters has been developed in many aspects. As early as the Song Dynasty, it has become a common verb, and various usages are basically available today. ?
"Zhu Jianjun in? v？ What? Fight? The grammaticalization analysis of ""is summarized in detail with a large number of ancient literature examples from a diachronic perspective. Fight? The development history of righteousness. Combined with Zhu Jianjun's exposition, the author thinks? Fight? The development of righteousness has roughly experienced the following stages:
(A) the simple stage
As Hu said, Middle Ages? Fight? The meaning of is relatively simple, basically? Beat? Righteousness or use? Beat? Related meaning. As Zhu Jianjun said? Hit (an object) (with your hand or an object)? Fight? What's the basic meaning of? Fight? It's for the record, then? Fight? The meaning of ""is still relatively real, and it is an action verb. This action is made by an active thing or living body (mainly people). ? (Zhu Jianjun, 2004)
(B) the stage of meaning extension
After the Middle Ages and the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties? Fight? With the enhancement of combination ability and the expansion of image scope, the meaning of words has been extended and changed, and the application has become more flexible. The meanings of playing a certain game, hunting, harvesting and learning all came into being in this period, but what about this time? Fight? The meaning of is still more specific. After careful analysis, we can find out the reason. Hammer? Context of word meaning expansion.
(3) the stage of abstraction and generalization of meaning
? Fight? From the Tang Dynasty, its usage was gradually generalized and abstracted, and in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, its extensive usage was extremely common in both types and quantities. If it is defined only according to combination and context, it is difficult to simplify the meaning into several concise meanings. Because at this point? Fight? What meaning is gradually acquired in the context? Bring into being. Some of the meanings of ","are more and more prominent because of frequent use, and gradually become new sememes. At this time, the sememe is far from the original meaning of typing. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties? Fight? Meaning goes further and further on the road of generalization, and finally it is even called? Verb prefix? Will Wang Li? Fight? Call it? Verb marker? .
Third, look at modern Chinese from specific examples? Fight? Yi nationality development
Combined with the previous analysis, this paper arranges? Fight? The history of the development of righteousness, and will 1978 edition and the latest edition of Modern Chinese in 2005? Fight? Compare the words at the beginning of the word, with? Fight? An entry at the beginning of a word. Observation verb? Fight? The diachronic development characteristics of word meaning since 1978 and its significance? Fight? The development law of the first words of Chinese characters.
(1) from Modern Chinese Dictionary? Fight? Lexical changes at the beginning of words
The author compares the 1978 edition with the 2005 edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary (hereinafter referred to as Modern Chinese), and finds that there are 49 entries in the 2005 edition of Modern Chinese that are not available in the 1978 edition, so the author compares these 46 words (excluding? Let's get this straight. What's next is next? Which of the three idioms? Fight? Meaning analysis discusses the past 30 years? Fight? The development of righteousness. The statistics of these 46 words
Beat the board, table, cross, field, taxi, charge, drip taxi, odd jobs, hook, official position, bachelor, snoring, shivering, blackening, snoring, punching cards, counterfeiting, thunder, beating the blind, fighting, flirting, spying on the affair, pioneering, riddles, printing machines.
(2) 46? Fight? Word classification
1.？ Hammer? Still use it? Beat? direct correlation
Hit the board, stick, hit, hit, hit, hit, hit, hit, hit, hit, hit.
According to? Fight? The following components can be divided into:
(1) tick+noun
Beat the board and stick.
These two words,? Fight? What's next? Fight? Tools used.
(2) Da+verb
Fight, fight, suppress and crush
Of these four words,? Fight, fight, hold back? It is a parallel structure. Beat? This is a dynamic compensation structure.
(3) in? Combating illegal publications, smuggling, kidnapping, pickpocketing, smuggling and forgery? In this series of words, Fight? what's up Strike? Righteousness, black, turn, pick, private, false? Refers to the production and sale of illegal publications, criminal gangs of underworld nature, human trafficking, theft of property, smuggling, production and sale of fake and shoddy goods.
2. with what? Beat? Indirect relevance of meaning
(1) The beat in the rubbing process: fill in or write.
Correction fluid, cross and hook printers
(2) Injury, breakage or death caused by beating: natural forces such as lightning, waves and rain.
Lightning flashes and thunder rumbles.
(3) Punching and ejecting: injection
Get an intravenous drip and a vaccine.
In this category of items, except? Printer? Medium? Fight? And then what? Print? Is it outside the coordinate relationship? Print? As verbs, what are the rest? Fight? +nouns. According to the nature and use of the latter nouns, these seven words can be analyzed in detail.
A. the patient object is marked with a white note.
B. Vaccinate tool objects
C. drag-and-drop mode objects
D the result object is crossed, ticked, thundered and flashed.
3.？ Fight? Generalization and abstraction of meaning
Charge, fight, snore, snore, tremble, be cold, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard, fight hard.
In this series of entries, according to? Fight? The following components can be divided into:
(1) tick+noun
Snoring, snoring, snoring, shivering, shivering, taking a taxi, taking a part-time job, playing a single card, punching in, tying, playing a pioneer, playing charades, and giving face-to-face discounts.
At this time? Fight? The meaning of has been generalized, almost become? Common words? ,? Fight? The determination of the meaning of ""must depend on the object behind it. Fight? The interpretation of each meaning of right can only be more general.
(2) Da+verb/adjective
Fight, fight, fight, spy, fight
? Fight? After adding verbs/adjectives, it can be summarized into two types:
Significance of occurrence: beating the baby (refers to? Hey? The state of occurrence)
Generally speaking: take the lead and fight hard.
In these words? Fight? The meaning of has almost been grammaticalized. What does the whole word emphasize more? Charging exploration? The meaning of.
According to the above statistics, the list is as follows (n: nouns; V: verb; A: adjective):
? Fight? fair
Is hammering +n/v/a or is it directly related to hammering? Beat? Meaning is indirectly related? Fight? Generalization and abstraction of
Call +n 9 6 20
Click +v 4 2 4
Dial +a 1
Total 13 8 25
Right? Fight? When typing +n, +v and +a, there is a kind of words mentioned above:? Do you want to crack down on illegal activities? In this series of words, no matter what it means, fight? Adjectives or verbs follow, but these are actually? Right, black, turn, pick, private, fake? They all refer to specific illegal acts, so they are all regarded as? Fight? +n .
As can be seen from the above table, among these 46 words, because? Fight? There are 20 words, accounting for 54.3%. Fight? It is still developing in the direction of generalization and abstraction; In addition, of these 46 words, 35 are composed of? Hit +n？ Composition, accounting for 76% of the total, so to speak? Fight? What is the most active word at the beginning of a word? Fight? The format of+n.
Look at these 46 entries, spell them? The development of righteousness roughly follows these two paths:
One is including? Fight? Phrases of words solidify into words, such as? Combating illegal publications, smuggling, kidnapping, pickpocketing, smuggling and forgery? . Where are these words? Fight? The basic meaning of? Hammer? Based on it, from phrases to words.
The second is to use? Fight? The generalization of meaning produces new words, such as the above? Take a taxi? Why did you choose this word? Fight? There are two reasons for choosing this word over other words: ①? Take a taxi? Originally from Cantonese? Take a taxi? ,? Fight? With what? Go for a ride? Sounds close. (2) this is also by? Fight? Determined by the generalization of meaning. ? Fight? A summary of meaning and? Fight? The phonetic features determine whether the performance can be compared with. Taxi? Combination, resulting in the corresponding meaning. ? Fight? This feature is a very important reason why Dayi is so active and changeable.
Four. conclusion
Based on the 2005 edition of Modern Chinese? Fight? The analysis of 46 entries not recorded in the word column in Modern Chinese 1978 edition shows that? Fight? In the past thirty years, righteousness has basically developed along two routes: one is the original meaning? Hammer? On the basis of, it is solidified into words through phrases; One is to use? Fight? The law of producing new words by generalization of meaning. Only by grasping these two points can we change? Fight? The entry at the beginning of the word is roughly sure. Is that clear? Fight? The development trend of righteousness and? Fight? The regularity of new words and the prediction of new words are of great significance.
Pay attention to and release:
[1][ Song] Ouyang Xiu. Return to the field (Volume II) [M]. Xi 'an: Sanqin Publishing House, 2003.
Cao xianzhuo. ? Fight? The semantic analysis of this word is to celebrate the centenary of dictionary research [J].
Lexicography research, 1996(6).
Zhang, Wang Weihui. Reflections on the study of the history of Chinese vocabulary [J]. China language,
1995(6).
Hu. Selected Linguistic Papers [M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 199 1.
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