2. When drawing a frame diagram, you can use arrows to represent the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. The starting point of the arrow represents the independent variable, and the ending point of the arrow represents the dependent variable.
3. For paired t-test, the pairing relationship between independent variables and dependent variables should be considered. In the frame diagram, independent variables and dependent variables need to be paired with straight lines to express their relationship. Other variables or factors, such as interference variables and control variables, can be added to the frame diagram to reflect the design and analysis process of the research more comprehensively. The drawing of the frame diagram should be concise, focused and not too complicated. The frame diagram should be consistent with the narrative in the paper to ensure that readers can clearly understand the design and analysis process of the study. In addition to paired t-test, other statistical methods can also draw frame diagrams in a similar way.