Computer inventor John? Feng? Newman. Computer is one of the most advanced scientific and technological inventions in the 20th century, which has had an extremely important impact on human production and social activities, and has developed rapidly with strong vitality. Its application field has expanded from the initial military scientific research application to all fields of society, forming a huge computer industry, promoting global technological progress and triggering profound social changes. Computers have spread all over ordinary schools, enterprises and institutions, entered the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable tool in the information society.
The application of computers is becoming more and more common in China. After the reform and opening up, the number of computer users in China has been increasing, and the application level has been improving, especially in the fields of Internet, communication and multimedia. From 1996 to 2009, the number of computer users increased from 6.3 million to 6,765,438+million, and the number of networked computers increased from 29,000 to 59.4 million. The number of netizens has reached 3160,000, and there are 670 million mobile users of wireless Internet, among which the number of mobile Internet users has reached1.170,000, ranking first in the world.
Question 2: What is a computer? The full name of a computer: an electronic computer, commonly known as a computer, is a modern intelligent electronic device that can run according to a program and automatically and quickly process massive data. A computer composed of hardware and software without any software installed is called bare metal. The common models are desktop computers and notebook computers, and the more advanced computers are biological computers, photonic computers and quantum computers.
Computer (full name: electronic computer; Computer (English: puter) is one of the greatest scientific and technological inventions in the 20th century, which has had an extremely important impact on human production and social activities, and has developed rapidly with strong vitality. Its application field has expanded from the initial military scientific research application to all fields of current society, forming a huge computer industry, promoting technological progress around the world and triggering profound social changes. Computers have spread all over schools, enterprises and institutions, entered the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable tool in the information society. It is an important symbol of mankind entering the information age. Computers are developed from early electronic calculators. From 65438 to 0946, the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC" appeared in the world, which was used to calculate the trajectory. It is manufactured by Moore Institute of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA. 1956, the transistor electronic computer was born, which is the second generation electronic computer. Only a few larger cabinets can be installed, and the operation speed is greatly improved. The third generation of integrated circuit computers appeared in 1959. The original computer was made by John? Feng? Invented by Neumann (at that time, the computing power of computers was equivalent to that of today's calculators), which was as big as three warehouses, and gradually developed. ENIAC published by 1946 is mainly used to calculate trajectory. It is made by Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, USA. It has a huge volume, covers an area of over 170 square meters, weighs about 30 tons, and consumes nearly 150 kilowatts of electricity. Obviously, such computers are expensive and inconvenient to use. This statement is widely used in basic computer textbooks. In fact, in 1973, according to the ruling of the US Supreme Court, the earliest electronic digital computer should be John, an associate professor of physics at Iowa State University. Atanasoff and his graduate assistant Cliff? ABC(Atanasoff- Berry-puter) was produced by Clifford E. Berry (19 1963) in June 1939+00. The reason for this misunderstanding is that a man named Moakley in ENIAC's research group copied John at 194 1? Atanasoff's research results, and applied for a patent in 1946. For various reasons, this mistake was not reversed until AD 197.
Question 3: What is a computer 1? What is a computer?
Computer is a highly automated electronic equipment, which can receive and store information, process and process the input information according to the programs stored in it (these programs are the embodiment of human will), and then output the processing results.
Second, the birth of electronic computers.
1, the world's first computer, ENIAC, 1946 was born in the United States in February. It does not have the main principle features of modern computers-stored programs and program control.
2. The world's first computer, EDVAC, designed according to the function of stored programs was designed in the United States in 1946 and developed in 1950.
3.EDSAC is the first computer in the world to realize the function of storing programs. It was designed by Britain at telephone number 1947 and put into operation in May.
Third, the development of computers.
According to electronic logic devices, the development of electronic computers can be divided into four stages:
1, the first generation of computers (from the advent of ENIAC to the early 1950s), in the electron tube era, light screen tubes or mercury delay circuits were used as memory, and punched paper tapes or cards were used as input and output. The software is in the primary stage, there is no system software, and the language is only machine language or assembly language. The application is mainly based on scientific calculation.
2. The second generation computer (from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s), in the transistor era, used magnetic cores and drums as memory, and produced advanced programming languages and batch processing systems. The application field extends to data processing and transaction processing, and is gradually used in industrial control.
3. The third generation computer (from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s), in the era of small and medium-sized integrated circuits, the main memory began to use semiconductor memory, and the external memory included disks and tapes, an operating system, a standardized programming language and a Basic language for man-machine dialogue. It is not only used in scientific calculation, but also in the fields of enterprise management, automatic control, aided design and aided manufacturing.
4. The fourth generation of computers (from the mid-1970s to the present), in the era of large-scale VLSI, computer applications involve office automation, database management, image recognition, voice recognition, expert system and other fields, and have entered the family.
Fourth, computer classification.
Computers can be divided according to their use, scale or processing objects.
1, by purpose
(1) General-purpose computer: suitable for solving various general problems. This computer has a wide range of applications and strong versatility, and can be adapted to scientific calculation, data processing and process control.
(2) Special machine: used to solve a specific problem, equipped with software and hardware to solve a certain problem, such as in special applications such as automatic control of production process and industrial intelligent instruments.
2, according to the scale.
(1) Supercomputer: used for cutting-edge national defense technology and modern scientific calculation. The operation speed of supercomputers can reach billions of times per second, and the development of supercomputers is an important symbol to measure a country's economic strength and scientific level.
(2) Large/medium-sized computers: high computing speed, capable of executing tens of millions of instructions per second and large storage space. It is usually used for scientific calculation, data processing or as a network server.
(3) Small computers: small in scale, simple in structure and low in requirements for operating environment, and are generally used for data acquisition in industrial automatic control, measuring instruments and medical equipment. As an auxiliary machine of giant computer system, minicomputer also plays an important role.
(4) Microcomputer: The central processing unit (CPU) uses microprocessor chips, which are small in size and light in weight, and are widely used in automatic control, office automation and popular information processing in commerce, service industry and factories.
(5) Workstation: a high-function computer based on personal computing environment and distributed network environment. Workstation is not only a tool for numerical calculation and data processing, but also a working machine supporting artificial intelligence operation. Through network connection, various computers, including workstations, can transmit information to each other, share resources and information, and distribute loads.
(6) Server: a shared device that provides services for multiple users under the network environment, which is generally divided into file servers, print servers, computing servers and communication servers.
3, according to the processing object.
(1) Digital computer: When the computer processes, the input and output values are all numbers.
(2) Analog computer: The data object to be processed is the direct and continuous analog data such as voltage, temperature and speed.
(3) mixed digital-analog computer: the input and output can be digital and analog data. & gt
Question 4: What is a computer? Computer, commonly known as computer, is an electronic computer for high-speed calculation, which can be used for numerical calculation, logical calculation and memory storage. It is a modern intelligent electronic device that can run according to the program and automatically process massive data at high speed. It consists of hardware system and software system, and a computer without any software is called bare metal.
Question 5: What is a computer major? This major is a wide-caliber major combining computer software and hardware, which is system-oriented and application-oriented. Through basic teaching and professional training, we will cultivate senior talents with solid basic knowledge, wide knowledge, strong engineering practice ability, pioneering and innovative consciousness, and engaged in scientific research, education, development and application in the field of computer science and technology.
The main courses offered by this major are: electronic technology, discrete mathematics, programming, data structure, operating system, computer composition principle, microcomputer system, computer system structure, compilation principle, computer network, database system, software engineering, artificial intelligence, computer graphics, digital image processing, computer communication principle, multimedia information processing technology, digital signal processing, computer control, network calculation, algorithm design and analysis, and information.
The characteristics of computer science are mainly embodied in: strong theory, strong practice and rapid development. Cultivating broad-caliber talents with a solid foundation according to the first-level disciplines is reflected in attaching importance to theoretical and professional technical foundations such as mathematics, logic, data structure, algorithm, electronic design, computer architecture, system software, etc., and attaching importance to basic natural science courses and professional basic courses in the first two and a half years to broaden the orientation. The last year and a half is mainly about the setting of professional courses, which has increased selectivity, diversity, flexibility and directionality, highlighted the characteristics of subject direction and reflected the latest technological development trend. At present, the courses of the two subjects have all been covered. Strengthen the mathematical foundation and analytical ability, change advanced mathematics into mathematical analysis, and increase basic courses of computer mathematics, which is reflected in assuming combinatorial mathematics and increasing discrete mathematics classes, and reflects the continuous application of mathematics in subsequent computer courses (such as algorithms and data structures, compilation and other courses). Pay more attention to practical teaching, increase the proportion of experimental courses and course design, pay attention to independent practice, practice on the computer runs through four years of study, and strengthen the cultivation of comprehensive application ability of knowledge. Integrating scientific research practice and research into the teaching process. On the basis of laying a solid theoretical and technical foundation, senior students are encouraged to actively participate in scientific and technological practice, and students' scientific and technological innovation activities and teachers' scientific research activities funded by our college are included in the training system. According to the rapid development of computer technology and information technology, the latest development of the subject is introduced by setting up a special lecture on the frontier of the subject, which reflects the forward-looking content of the subject; And set up a large number of flexible professional elective courses to introduce students to the latest computer and information technology. Since the third grade, the major of computer science and technology has three directions: computer software, computer application and computer security technology, for students with different interests to choose freely according to their own development direction!
Graduates of this major should have the following knowledge and abilities: 1. Master the basic principles, analytical methods and experimental skills of electronic technology and computer composition and architecture, and be able to engage in the development and design of computer hardware systems. 2. Master the basic theory, knowledge and skills of programming language, algorithm and data structure, operating system, software design method and engineering, have strong programming ability, and be able to engage in the development and research of system software and large-scale application software. 3. Master the basic theories, analysis methods and engineering practice skills in parallel processing, distributed system, network and communication, multimedia information processing, computer security, graphic image processing and computer-aided design, and have the ability of computer application and development. 4. Master the basic theory of computer science and have a solid research foundation of computer science.
Edit this training plan.
● Knowledge structure: including social humanistic knowledge, natural science knowledge, professional basic knowledge, professional technical knowledge and economic management knowledge ● Capacity structure: including knowledge acquisition ability, applied knowledge ability, unity and cooperation ability and independent innovation ability ● Quality structure: including moral quality, cultural quality, professional quality and physical and mental quality.
Edit this professional analysis of computer application technology.
Computer application technology is a two disciplines under the first-class discipline of computer science and technology, and it is widely used. Based on the basic theory of computer, it highlights the practical application of computer and network. At present, computer majors in China are mainly divided into three categories: computer basic majors, computer majors intersecting with science and engineering, and computer majors intersecting with arts and sciences. 1. Professional requirements and employment orientation of computer basic majors: These majors not only require students to master computer basic theory and application development technology, but also have a certain theoretical foundation, the same below >>
Question 6: What is a computer network? What is a computer network?
Computer network refers to the whole system that connects multiple computers with independent functions through communication equipment lines and realizes resource sharing and data communication between them with the support of network software.
02. What are the basic functions of computer networks?
The basic functions of computer network are data communication and resource sharing.
03. What resources does the enjoyment of resources mainly refer to?
Resources * * * Enjoy * * including hardware, software and data resources.
04. According to the coverage, what are the three types of computer networks?
Computer network can be divided into local area network, metropolitan area network and wide area network according to its coverage.
05. What kind of campus network should the school belong to?
Campus network belongs to local area network.
06. What's the difference between a server-based network and a peer-to-peer network?
In a server-based network, the server manages the network and provides users with * * * services. However, there is no dedicated server in the peer-to-peer network, so each computer in the network manages its own resources and users as a non-professional server, and provides * * * services for software and hardware resources for other computers. At the same time, you can enjoy the resources of other computers as a client.
07. What is the role of the server in the network?
The main function of the server in the network is to manage the network and provide users with * * * resources.
What services can the Internet provide for us?
The Internet can provide us with various services, such as e-mail, file transfer, information inquiry, online news, various forums and e-commerce.
09. What is the IP address on the Internet?
IP address is the unique identification of a computer on the Internet.
10, what is the general expression of IP address?
IP address is composed of 32-bit binary numbers, written into four groups of decimal numbers, each group separated by dots.
Question 7: What is computer tool software? 30: 1978 The World Intellectual Property Organization published the Model Law on the Protection of Computer Software, which was formulated by a group of experts from some countries. Its purpose is to provide reference for the legislation of computer software in various countries, thus promoting the international protection of computer software. In this Model Law. The definition of computer software is as follows: computer software includes three contents: program, program description and program instruction. "Program" refers to the integration of a computer-readable medium into a whole, which enables the computer to have information processing capabilities to mark certain functions. Instructions to accomplish a specific task or produce a specific result. "Program description" refers to the use of words. Graphics or other means. A sufficiently detailed and complete explanation of instructions in a computer program, an explanation. "Program instruction" refers to the program and the content other than the program description. Other auxiliary materials to help understand and implement relevant procedures.
Software is divided into system software and application software.
System software such as operating system.
Application software such as word wps rar.
Tool software belongs to the category of application supply. It mainly includes nine categories: system tools, disk tools, compression and burning tools, graphic and image tools, audio and video tools, translation tools, network communication tools, file transfer tools and security tools.
Question 8: What is a computerized system? Hello, computerized telephone system refers to an orderly management system.
Is written through a lot of programming.
I hope you keep asking.
Question 9: What is a personal computer 1973 French engineers Franois Gernelle and André Truong invented the earliest personal computer Micral. Generally speaking, personal computers are divided into two models and two systems, and the models are divided into ordinary desktop computers and notebook computers. The system has ibm PC/AT system standard integration IBM and Macintosh systems developed by Apple Computer. Personal computer in a narrow sense refers to the former (IBM integrated PC/AT), and the IBM PC/AT standard has been supported by most manufacturers and become the mainstream of the market because of its x86 open architecture. So generally speaking, PC refers to IBM PC/AT compatible models, and the CPU in this architecture is the CPU produced by AMD and other manufacturers. In the1980s, IBM introduced a personal computer based on Intel's x86 hardware architecture and Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system, and formulated PC/AT as the PC specification. After that, the development of Intel's microprocessor and Microsoft's operating system is almost equal to the development history of personal computers. Wintel architecture completely replaced IBM's dominant position in the field of personal computers. Toshiba developed the world's first notebook computer based on x86 architecture. Due to the portable hardware architecture of desktop computers, in addition to brands, self-assembled white-brand computers are also extremely popular. According to the size and mobility, the mainframe structure of personal computer is classified as desktop computer server, portable computer, notebook computer, tablet computer, personal digital assistant (PDA) and wearable computer ● Structure ○ Motherboard: Motherboard is the main circuit board (PCB) of the computer. Other hardware of a computer is usually plugged directly into the motherboard to exchange information. Motherboard usually consists of chipset, BIOS, CMOS, parallel port, PS/2 keyboard and mouse interface and expansion slot. ○ Central processing unit: The central processing unit is the most important part of a computer, on which computer programs and operating systems run. Most IBM-compatible computers use x86-based processors, which are produced by Intel, AMD, VIA or Tran *** eta. ○ Memory: Random Access Memory (RAM) is the "short-term temporary memory" of a computer. Its reading and writing speed is much higher than mass storage devices such as hard disk drive or optical disk drive, but when the system is turned off or there is no power supply, its storage content will be lost. ○ Hard disk: a machine that permanently stores data. ○ Computer power supply is essential. Provide stable DC power supply for computers through household AC power supply. ○ Operating System At present, Windows series is the first to be introduced in the PC market, followed by Unix-like operating systems, such as GNULinux, FreeBSD, DOS series, etc. These operating systems have an open architecture and are gradually emerging. Dell, Hewlett-Packard, Siemens, Lenovo, IBM, Asus and other manufacturers are world-renowned brands.
Question 10: What is a computer? Computer, commonly known as computer, is an electronic computer for high-speed calculation, which can be used for numerical calculation, logical calculation and memory storage. It is a modern intelligent electronic device that can run according to the program and automatically process massive data at high speed. It consists of hardware system and software system, and a computer without any software is called bare metal. It can be divided into five categories: supercomputer, industrial control computer, network computer, personal computer and embedded computer. More advanced computers include biological computers, photonic computers and quantum computers.
Computer inventor John? Feng? Newman. Computer is one of the most advanced scientific and technological inventions in the 20th century, which has had an extremely important impact on human production and social activities, and has developed rapidly with strong vitality. Its application field has expanded from the initial military scientific research application to all fields of society, forming a huge computer industry, promoting global technological progress and triggering profound social changes. Computers have spread all over ordinary schools, enterprises and institutions, entered the homes of ordinary people and become an indispensable tool in the information society.
The application of computers is becoming more and more common in China. After the reform and opening up, the number of computer users in China has been increasing, and the application level has been improving, especially in the fields of Internet, communication and multimedia. From 1996 to 2009, the number of computer users increased from 6.3 million to 6,765,438+million, and the number of networked computers increased from 29,000 to 59.4 million. The number of netizens has reached 3160,000, and there are 670 million mobile users of wireless Internet, among which the number of mobile Internet users has reached1.170,000, ranking first in the world.