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The first is about the management practice in ancient China.

In the feudal society of more than two thousand years in China, centralized state management system, fiscal and tax management, selection and management of officials, management of population and land, management of market and industry and commerce, management of water transportation and postal delivery, management of documents and archives, etc. Successive dynasties have made new progress, and many outstanding management talents have emerged, showing outstanding management skills in military, political, financial, cultural, educational and diplomatic fields, and accumulating valuable management experience.

The famous "Shang Yang Reform" in the Warring States period is an example of improving the level of state management through reform. The rule of Wenjing brought about the political stability and economic prosperity of the country. The construction of the Great Wall in Wan Li fully embodies the superb level of survey, planning and design, construction and project management at that time, and embodies the high management wisdom of the project commander. Dujiangyan and other large-scale water conservancy projects have comprehensively planned flood control, irrigation and drainage, and shipping, showing the superb level of ancient engineering construction and organization and management in China; Ding Wei presided over the palace construction project in Song Dynasty, which was an example of systematic management and overall planning. There are many amazing management practices that reflect the superb management wisdom of the ancient people in China.

Throughout the management practice in ancient China, management and administration are basically integrated. As ancient China was a typical agricultural economy, administration was the most important way of social management. Therefore, any project and any management activities are carried out in the name of the country or the government, and management practice can only be shown in the process of combining with administrative management. In fact, all the management practices we know in ancient China are not administrative management practices. The management practice in ancient China is a kind of experience management. The success of ancient management practice mainly depends on the quality of managers or decision makers. The richer a manager's personal knowledge, ability and experience, the more likely he is to carry out effective management activities. Otherwise, management may be ineffective or even fail. Therefore, management practice is inseparable from personal experience, which is a typical experience management.

The second is about China's famous management thought in ancient times.

In ancient China, many thinkers had rich management ideas. Among them, the management thoughts of Lao Zi, Confucius, Shang Yang, Mencius, Sun Zi and Guan Zi are the most representative.

Laozi was the founder of Taoism in the pre-Qin period. In his ideological system, there are not only profound philosophical thoughts, but also social and state management thoughts involving politics, economy, culture and military affairs. Many thoughts, such as "Tao is natural" and "governing by doing nothing", have had a far-reaching impact on the development of Chinese and foreign management thoughts.

As the founder of Confucianism, Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue with benevolence as the core, propriety as the criterion and harmony as the goal is the essence of his management thought, which has become the mainstream of China's traditional thought.

Mencius is a direct descendant of Confucius' thought and the most important representative of Confucian school after Confucius. He is honored as "Asian sage" by later generations and can be called the ideological and cultural giant of the Chinese nation. Mencius' management thought is an important part of Mencius' ideological system. His view of human nature, the management principle of "benevolent government" and the thought of "keeping fit and keeping the family in harmony" have made important contributions to the perfection and development of China's management thought.

Sun Tzu was a famous strategist in ancient China, and his military thoughts and management thoughts were mainly reflected in his masterpiece The Art of War. Many foreign university teachers, students and entrepreneurs study the Art of War as a management work. The ideas of "defeat the enemy without fighting", "go all out to attack the enemy", "attack the enemy by surprise" and "protect the people" are still used by managers.

Guan Zi was an outstanding politician, strategist and thinker in ancient China. He assisted Qi Huangong for 40 years, and made outstanding achievements, making Qiang Bing a rich country and helping Qi Huangong realize the ideal of dominating vassals. Many of his management thoughts, such as "people-oriented" thought, "keeping pace with the times" development and innovation spirit, and the employment standard of paying equal attention to both ability and political integrity, all embody eternal wisdom.

From the study of China's rich management practices and famous management thoughts in ancient times, we can proudly say that China's ancient management thoughts are profound and inexhaustible. It has not only become a source of wisdom that nourishes the vigorous development of the Chinese nation, but also been developed and utilized by people of insight all over the world. We have the responsibility to explore and use him and make contributions to his development.

The third is the basic characteristics of China's ancient management thought.

The basic feature of China's ancient management thought is the result of summarizing, refining and synthesizing the management thought of China's ancient thinkers. Although today's generalization is inevitably limited, with the help of existing data, we can still find that it has the characteristics of * * *.

First, people are the focus of management.

Second, take organization and division of labor as the basis of management.

Third, emphasize the idea of governing the country with agriculture as the foundation and business as the end.

Fourthly, it highlights the value of righteousness and affection in management.

Fifth, we appreciate the strategy of achieving management objectives.

Sixth, take the golden mean as the benchmark of management behavior.

Seventh, seeking common ground while reserving differences is an important value of management.

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China's Ancient Management Thought and Practice

In China's 5,000-year history of civilization, various management ideas and practices have emerged. Among them, there are a lot of theoretical ideas in organizational management, financial management, selection and employment.

1. Organization and management

China's ancient organizational management thought probably originated from Zhou Li (BC 12-BC 1 1 century), which designed China's bureaucratic organization as 360 posts for the first time, and specified the corresponding levels and posts, with distinct levels and responsibilities. Sun Tzu's Art of War is the world's first outstanding book that systematically discusses management strategy and tactics, and it is the most representative ancient organizational management thought, which has been 2500 years since. The idea of "know yourself and know yourself, and fight a hundred battles" put forward by Sun Tzu's Art of War is regarded as a classic rule in military management all over the world and is widely used in enterprise and commercial management.

2. Financial management and selection and employment

In ancient China, there were many theoretical ideas about financial management, among which Fan Li and Ji Ran's waiting principle and accumulation theory were famous. The principle of "waiting for shortage" emphasizes forecasting the demand and price changes of market materials in order to make a profit. The "accumulation principle" focuses on the way of hunting profits, advocates managing high-quality goods, promotes the flow of money, and predicts prices by the amount of inventory. As early as the Southern Song Dynasty, the idea of separating cashier from accounting was put forward in the Principles of Accounting. In 923 AD, the earliest recorded liquor cost accounting appeared in China. Sima Qian of Han Dynasty put forward in Biography of Historical Records of Huo Zhi that a certain amount of working capital should obtain a certain reasonable profit.

In China's ancient management thought, there has always been the idea of "selecting talents and appointing people according to their abilities" and "appointing people on their merits". China is recognized as the birthplace of personnel examination in the world. The imperial examination system, which began in Sui and Tang Dynasties, systematically embodied and developed China's ancient thoughts on personnel examination and selection. From the perspective of personnel evaluation and selection, the imperial examination system has the significance of management psychology in the following aspects:

(1) open declaration and competition: one of the characteristics of the imperial examination system is openness and competition, and anyone can apply and participate, which makes the examination and selection have more sufficient selection basis;

(2) Comprehensive evaluation: The imperial examination system mostly contains various contents and forms, which provide comprehensive evaluation information to some extent, from written examination and interview to papers and martial arts;

(3) Multi-level screening and employment: In practice, the imperial examination system pays more attention to bottom-up multi-level screening and gives employment at an appropriate level.

China's ancient management thought has been widely used in practice. As early as Qin Shihuang's time, the world-famous Great Wall of Wan Li was built. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the largest and longest artificial Grand Canal in the world was dug. All these have become excellent management practices in ancient China. In ancient management practice, Dujiangyan system engineering is the concrete embodiment of system management thought. The ancient quality management theory enriched the procedures and methods of quality management.

3. The ancient concept of ability

(1) intelligence and ability

China's ancient talents thought is extremely rich. Thinkers have always attached importance to human intelligence. Confucius talked about intelligence and ability, and the so-called "wisdom", "fool" and "being a man" were the earliest theories about the differences of intelligence types. Knowing people and being good at their duties and respecting talents and abilities are the basic ideas of talent management in ancient China. Xunzi emphasized the principle of "incompetence is not an official" in The Effect of Confucianism, and analyzed the disadvantages of using small talents for great use. "Mozi Shang Xian" also mentioned that the principle of employing people is to "observe what they can and use officials carefully", which distinguishes the appointment and division of officials, and advocates giving more honor and enjoyment to those who have made meritorious deeds, while granting official positions to those who have the ability. The Eight Classics of Han Feizi says that "those who can be officials can be rewarded", "those who can be officials can be rewarded" and "those who can be officials can be rewarded". More than 65,438+0,700 years ago, Liu Shao classified managers into 65,438+02 grades according to their abilities, and put forward that "different talents have different abilities" and "officials can be awarded according to the number, but they can never be evaluated".

(2) Management ability and quality

Among the pre-Qin philosophers, Xunzi was the sage who paid the most attention to analyzing the ability and quality of talents. He made a comparative analysis of managers' knowledge, speech and action ability, and divided them into five categories: mediocrity, scholars, gentlemen, saints and sages. From the vertical and horizontal comparative analysis of Xunzi's managerial echelon ability, we have a clear understanding of the quality types of managerial ability discussed by ancient philosophers in China.

Ability and quality of political research. This is the most valued quality of management ability. There are different levels of political research ability. Different people's political research ability and quality can be classified.

Ability and quality of knowing people and employing people. It is advocated that managers should be good at understanding people's strengths, so as to be good at using people's strengths and avoiding people's weaknesses, so that organizations can have a reasonable and good talent structure.

Administrative ability and quality. The administrative ability of various managers is different, including not only the management ability of subordinates, but also the rectification ability of superiors. The highest administrative ability comes from the best political research ability and the ability to recognize people and employ people.

Sun Tzu's Art of War also makes a systematic exposition of leadership. Sun Tzu said, "A leader should be wise, trustworthy, brave and strict." He believes that a leader must have these five aspects of leadership and moral cultivation. Wise people, that is, smart and wise, can make accurate judgments and timely and reasonable decisions when things happen; Believers, that is, trust subordinates and gain their trust; Benevolent people, that is, caring for subordinates, always hang their subordinates in their hearts; Courage means courage, courage, decisiveness and determination; Strict, that is, law-abiding, rewards and punishments are clear.