Starting from the relationship between "benevolence" and "propriety", this paper probes into the relationship between them, and points out that what a gentleman does is "benevolence", even though it does not conform to "propriety" at present, it still conforms to the standard of "benevolence" in the long run; The villain must be bound by "courtesy" so that his behavior does not violate "benevolence" Based on the relationship between "benevolence" and "propriety", Confucius divided people into gentlemen and villains morally, and divided people into upper wisdom, middle wisdom and lower wisdom intellectually. The following is Confucius' paper on benevolence that I compiled. Welcome to refer to!

Keywords: "benevolence"; "ceremony"; divide

Generally speaking, the relationship between "benevolence" and "ritual" in Confucius' thought is the relationship between consciousness and practice. "Benevolence" is the ideal personality and the highest goal pursued by Confucius, while "courtesy" is the value standard and external requirement. They are internally consistent. It can be said that "benevolence" is an internalized "ritual", "ritual" is an externalized "benevolence", and "benevolence" is, however, recorded in Dedication, "Lutz said:" Huan Gong killed Gong Zijiu and called him to die suddenly, but Guan Zhong was not dead. " Say, "Are you unfriendly?" Confucius said,' Duke Huan and nine princes joined together without chariots, but with the help of bells. As its kernel, as its kernel. It can be seen that Confucius affirmed Guan Zhong, saying that Guan Zhong's behavior conforms to the standard of "benevolence"; In Bashu, "Confucius said:' Guan Zhong's instrument is small!'" Or:' frugal?' Yue:' If you shut your house three times and don't do business properly, how can you be frugal! "But Guanzhong courtesy? Jue Jue:' the monarch tree blocks the door, and the house also blocks the door; The monarch is the good of the two monarchs, and there is also rebellion against Guan Jia. Master, you know manners, but you don't know manners! This sentence is obviously that Confucius believes that Guan Zhong does not conform to the stipulation of "ceremony". It can be seen that Guan Zhong, who takes Confucius's "benevolence" and "ceremony" as the standard, only conforms to "benevolence" but not "ceremony". The general understanding of the relationship between "benevolence" and "ceremony" is internally consistent. In other words, people with the quality of "benevolence" will certainly meet the requirements of "courtesy". On the other hand, people who can abide by "courtesy" in behavior will certainly reach the realm of "benevolence" as Confucius said. However, Confucius thought that Guan Zhong reached benevolence but did not conform to propriety, which contradicted the general understanding of the relationship between benevolence and propriety. It can be seen that there is no internal consistency between Confucius' "benevolence" and "courtesy". So what's the connection between the two?

"Confucius said:' Being rich and expensive is what people want; If you don't follow the path, there is nowhere. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people; Don't go if you don't get it by the way. Isn't it good to be famous if a gentleman goes to benevolence? If a gentleman has no final food, he will violate benevolence. If he expects anything, he will be unhappy. It can be seen from this sentence that a gentleman will never leave benevolence for a moment. The reason why a gentleman is called a gentleman is because they meet the standards of benevolence. Can it be understood that if a person is a gentleman, what he does is in line with the standard of "benevolence"? Even if it does not meet the requirements of "courtesy" at present, it is in line with the public interest in the long run, and it can still be attributed to "benevolence" as stated in Xianwen. Zi Gong said, "Guan Zhong is unkind? Duke Huan killed omiya for a long time, but he can't die, but he can't die. Confucius said:' Guan Zhong was a public servant, a tyrant and a conqueror of the world, and the people were blessed from then on. Wei Guanzhong, I was left behind. Do you think that ordinary people forgive you, and you don't know when you cross the ditch? "'Guanzhong is not dead, which is beneficial to the people all over the world. It's a big festival, and dying for a long time is just a small letter festival, which is subject to the big festival. Gu Yanwu said in Yue Lu Zhi: "Ignore the sin of correcting fairies, take the merits of one and nine, and take the world as the heart." It can be seen that even if Guan Zhong's practice does not meet the requirements of "courtesy", he is still a "benevolent" in Confucius' mind. There is a record in Taber: "Confucius said:' Courtesy and rudeness are labor, prudence and rudeness are anthracene, courage and rudeness are chaos, and straightness and rudeness are strangulation. Yan Yuan also said, "Yan Yuan asks benevolence. Confucius said:' Self-denial and courtesy are benevolence. As soon as you say that you have no self-esteem, the world will die. Benevolence depends on itself, but on others?' Yan Yuan said,' May I ask its purpose? Confucius said,' see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't say evil, and don't move if you are evil. It can be seen that for ordinary people, they can't reach the realm of benevolence, so their behavior must have a certain stipulation to ensure that it will not destroy benevolence, and this stipulation is "courtesy." "Confucius said:' Good manners make people easy. (Xianwen) Rites are tools for rulers to rule the people, and are necessary means to maintain a kind of order or achieve a benevolent state.

It can be seen that the difference between "benevolence" and "courtesy" is not that one is "consciousness" and the other is "practice", but that people of different levels have different requirements for achieving the ideal personality in Confucius' mind. It is Confucius' different division of people that leads to the difference between the two concepts of "benevolence" and "propriety". In short, Confucius believes that people who can reach the realm of "benevolence" and whose actions do not violate "benevolence" and the interests of the people are "gentlemen"; People who can't reach the realm of "benevolence" and whose behavior must be bound by "courtesy" in order not to violate the requirements of "benevolence" are villains or fools and ordinary people. According to this standard, morally, Confucius divided people into gentlemen and villains; Intellectually, people are divided into upper intelligence, middle intelligence and lower intelligence.

Confucius said that a gentleman never violates "benevolence", while a villain violates "benevolence" in different ways and to different degrees. First, regarding the attitude towards "heaven", "Tao" and "destiny", Confucius said: "A gentleman has three fears: fear of destiny, fear of adults and fear of the words of saints. I don't know my fate, but I'm not afraid of it. I despise adults and saints. (Ji's) A gentleman is afraid, so when he acts, he must take the premise or starting point of not violating the destiny, the words of adults and the words of saints. And the purpose of their actions is also conducive to these things they fear. Villains are fearless, they are fearless, so they only act according to their own likes and dislikes in their actions, so the results of their actions often cause many bad results or influences. " Confucius said,' A gentleman speaks well. Don't say it; It also allows people, this device. It's easy for the villain to say something difficult. Although it does not matter, it is also; It also makes people want to be prepared. (Lutz) It can be seen that gentlemen are usually responsible on the avenue, and villains care about small things.

Second, in the relationship between justice and benefit, "Confucius said:' a gentleman likes virtue, a villain likes soil; A gentleman is guilty of punishment, but a villain is guilty of profit. ","a gentleman is figurative, and a villain is figurative. " A gentleman always puts "virtue" and "righteousness" in the first place, not for personal gain. He cares about the world and the people, so he can take "benevolence" as the starting point, while the villain is just the opposite. If there is no certain courtesy to restrain him, he will pursue self-interest without scruple.

Third, on the issue of treating people and things, "a gentleman is not equal to a villain." The villain is not good. "(Politics)," Gentlemen are harmonious but different, and villains are not harmonious. " "A gentleman is too arrogant to be arrogant, and a villain is too arrogant to be arrogant. "(Lutz)

A gentleman treats people with things, pays attention to the overall interests and unity, and can sacrifice himself for the whole. Small people will only collude for their own self-interest. When the whole loses value, small people will be scattered. This phenomenon is also called "the beauty of a gentleman as an adult, not the evil of an adult." The villain is the opposite. "("Yan Yuan ") and" ceremony "is to restrain everyone in one dimension, so that people can't destroy a kind of harmony or order at will. It is the villain who only cares about his own interests that undermines the overall interests. It can also be said that "courtesy" is used to regulate the behavior of villains.

Fourth, in the attitude towards difficulties, "an upright man is open and poised, the villain is worried." ("Uncle") "The gentleman is poor, and the villain is poor." (Wei Linggong) A gentleman never flinches in the face of difficulties, dares to face problems directly, and can stick to his own position and belief, instead of being sad and negative for difficulties all day like a villain. A gentleman solves problems by himself, not by others, and will not harm the interests of others in order to solve his own difficulties. The villain is just the opposite. As the saying goes, "a gentleman seeks for himself, a villain seeks for others." (Wei Linggong) Little people often use other people's power to achieve their goals, and sometimes they even do so at the expense of others.

It is precisely because a gentleman insists on putting public first in all aspects, regardless of his behavior or belief, and does not put his own interests first, so the behavior of a gentleman will never leave "benevolence" from beginning to end, that is to say, the behavior of a gentleman represents "benevolence". As a group of people who are opposite to gentlemen, villains put themselves first in everything, and it is easy to do things that harm others and benefit themselves, and what is more, it will bring disaster to the country and the people. Therefore, for such people, it is necessary to formulate a set of "rituals" to restrain their behavior and stipulate what they should do and how to do it. This will not endanger the interests of the people and the ruling order.

Intellectually, Confucius divided people into three levels: upper intelligence, middle intelligence and lower intelligence. "Confucius said:' You are above people, and you can also speak in language; Under the China people, not verbally. (Yongye), here Confucius refers to his moral ideal, political ideal and so on. For people below average intelligence, there is no need to say too many profound words to him that he can't understand. Even if someone told him, he didn't know how to act and how to help achieve "upward". Just tell them what to do and how to do it. The rules thus formed become "rites", and people below the middle class will not violate "benevolence" as long as they abide by them. For people over middle age, their intelligence can understand the broad connotation of "Shang" mentioned by Confucius and they can consciously work hard to achieve "Shang". They will think about what is beneficial and harmful in the world, and they can consciously seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. Therefore, their behavior will not violate the "business" and there is no need to be bound by the "ceremony". Because "only the upper class knows that the lower class is stupid" (Yang Huo), "people can make it, not make it known" (Taber).

It can be seen that Confucius' ideal people are gentlemen and intellectuals, because only they can realize Confucius' ideals and beliefs. However, Confucius did not give up villains and intellectuals, relying on "ceremony" to restrain them and "teaching" to educate them, expecting them to cooperate with gentlemen and intellectuals to realize their pursuit.

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