These materials are very clear and easy to understand. I hope it helps you.
Second, the passive state
When a subject is acted by another thing, it is passive.
The form is: five verbs+れる.
Other verbs+られる.
This form is the same as the basic form of possible state, but the five-segment verb has no similar sound change.
ササるるるしられるる. At this time, the approximate sounds of しらら and ら become さ. "
Paragraph verbs and variable verbs are exactly the same in form and possible state, so they must be distinguished from each other in sentence structure.
There are four types of passive dynamics:
1. When the object in the active sentence is human or animal:
Subjective sentence: "Sir, classmates, praise." "The teacher praised the students."
Passive sentence: "Thank you, Mr. Student." "The student was praised by the teacher."
In this passive sentence, the subject of the active sentence becomes a complement, represented by "に"; The object of the active sentence becomes the subject, represented by "は"; This verb becomes passive (= Unpreparedness+られる).
Another example is:
Subject sentence: "Cats, fish, fish eat." "The cat ate the fish."
Passive sentence: "Fish and cats eat food." "The fish was eaten by the cat."
2. When the object in the active sentence is something that is attributed by people:
Subjective sentence: "I don't care about my time." "My brother broke my watch."
Passive sentence: "personal opportunity". "My watch was broken by my brother."
In this passive sentence, the subject of the active sentence becomes a complement, represented by "に"; The attributive part of the object of the active sentence becomes the subject, which is represented by "は"; Object reservation; This verb becomes passive (= Unpreparedness+れる).
Another example is:
Subject sentence: "バスのでののののののののののののののの" "
Passive sentence: "バスのではのにをれた". "On the bus, I was trampled by the person next to me."
3, the subject of the active sentence can be ignored, when the object is not a character (mostly used for activities):
Main statement: "The school opens at 8 o'clock." "The school has a meeting since 8 o'clock."
Passive sentence: "The meeting (school) starts at 8 o'clock." "The meeting (sponsored by the school) starts at 8 o'clock."
In this kind of passive sentence, the subject of the active sentence generally disappears, and it can be expressed by "によって" if necessary; The object of the active sentence becomes the subject, represented by "は"; This verb becomes passive (= Unpreparedness+れる).
Another example is:
Subjective sentences: "ぃつ, で, がをったか, かりません". "I don't know when and where this proverb is.
Passive sentence: "proverb, who, who" "I don't know when and where to make proverbs."
4. Passive forms of automatic words:
Some automatic words can be expressed in the passive form, which is only used to explain the reason of the action or state behind when the subject is lost.
Main sentence: "Rain falls, and wind is evil." "I caught a cold because it rained."
Passive sentence: "When the rain falls, the wind is evil." "I caught a cold because I got caught in the rain."
If the subject doesn't suffer, you can't use the passive form of automatic words. For example:
Main sentence: "Rain falls, wood falls, wood falls." "It rained and the trees turned green."
Another example is:
Subjective sentence: "AUO has come, visited and traveled." "Friends came and we had a good time."
Passive sentence: "AUO is coming; AUO is coming; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed. " My friend came and I didn't finish my homework. "
Third, the causative state.
When one person is ordered or forced to serve by another person, the action will become a servile state.
The causative form of Japanese is:
Five verbs+せる
Other verbs+"させる "
Among them, "サし"+"させる" became "しさせる", while "しさ" and "さ" became. Therefore, the causative state of サ-changing verb is "gan +させる".
Verbs have two causative states:
1. When the verb in the active sentence is an automatic word.
Subjective sentence: "Sister, buy things and do things." ""Sister went shopping. "
Causative sentence: "mom and sister want to buy things and do things." ""Mother asked her sister to go shopping. "
Here, first of all, the verb "line" is an automatic word, and its causative state is "line". In the causative sentence, the agent of the action "sister" has changed from the original subject to the object; The subject is the person who gives the order, so the subject is not the executor of the action in the causing sentence. Furthermore, sentences that used to be automatic words have become other verb sentences with objects. Therefore, if an automatic word has no corresponding verb at all and needs another verb, it is a way to use its causative state.
Another example is:
"The student is sick, the teacher is sick, and the teacher is sick." The student was ill, so the teacher sent him back. "
"Urgent business, club, Yamada, Zhang Xianfei, etc." Because of the sudden work, the company asked Mr. Yamada to fly on a business trip. "
It should also be noted that some automatic words already have corresponding other verbs, so the causative state is replaced by corresponding other verbs. For example, "the mother wakes the child up." At this time, I usually think of using the causative state, which may be translated as: "Mom's son is for me." But it should actually be translated as: "My mother's son supports me." Because the corresponding verb of "きる" is "こす".
2. When the verb in the active sentence is another verb.
Subjective sentence: Student's Notebook. ""Students study. "
Causative sentence: "Sir, students, books, books, etc." "The teacher asked the students to read."
Here, the verb in the active sentence is another verb, and the original sentence has an object. In this case, when it becomes a causative sentence, the "Mr" who gives the order is the subject, the "student" is the complement, which is represented by "に", the verb "むむ" becomes the causative state "ませる ",and the object is reserved. In the causative sentences of other verbs, the subject is still not the executor of the action.
Another example is:
"Mother's son bought me a drink." The mother gave the child medicine. "
もぐかせるぁのはににに123438+00 "That company makes employees work 24 hours a day/kloc-0.
こののはみのにもにさせなぃ. "This school doesn't even let students go out on holidays."
Because causative sentences have a mandatory and imperative tone, they are generally not used in sentences supplemented by elders except for a few sentences such as "pro-heart and cooperation". If you have to ask your elders to do something, you should use auxiliary verbs "てもらぅ" or "てぃただく". For example, "Let the teacher explain it again." Generally, it is not translated as: "Mr. にもぅ has explained させるにもぅ has explained してぃただく.
Fourth, the service status.
The passive state is used when a person is forced or involuntary to do something. The passive state is that a verb first becomes passive and then becomes passive.
The forms of Japanese slavery are:
(five verbs+せる) +られる
(other verbs+させる) +られる
Since the verb becomes the next verb after it becomes the causative state, the passive verb behind it is only られる.
(five paragraphs of verbs+せる) +られるIn, they first become:
Five verbs+せられる；;
Then the two pseudonyms "せら" became "さ", so the whole verb became:
Five verbs+される.
However, the suffix "すすすすすすすすすさるるさささるさささるさささ1237377
Main sentence: "Servants want to buy things and do things." "I'm going shopping. "
Serving a sentence: "I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant. " I was forced to go shopping by my sister. "
It can be seen that the subject of the passive sentence is the executor of the action, so it is basically consistent with the structure of the active sentence, with an additional mandatory source, represented by "に". "
Another example is:
のったことにつぃてはににさせれる.」
I have to think about what he said.
"Private drinking みたくなぃです, でもまされたのです"?
"It's not that I want to drink (wine), but that I was drunk by others."
In connection with what I said earlier, it is worth noting that when "される" appears after the verb, we must look at the verb in front. It is in a passive state when it is a five-paragraph verb, which translates as "forced"; When the preceding verb is a variable verb, it is passive and translates as "be …". For example:
"Go to a private hospital." 」
でではに𞺛された.」
In these two sentences, "された" is the past tense of "される". In the above sentence, "される" has five verbs before it, so it is in a slave state. I was forced to go to the hospital by my mother. "される" in the following sentence is preceded by the stem of the verb, so it is dynamic. I was examined by a doctor in the hospital.
In the study of Japanese grammar, when learning "state", it usually reaches the "apex", and the only thing left is honorific words. However, the question of modality is difficult to understand, and every exam is an essential question, so I hope everyone can understand the content well, master the similarities and differences, and use Japanese modality correctly.
Several usages of the passive verb "させられる"
Passive state, also known as passive causative state, is a voice composed of passive state and causative state. The former is formed by the superposition of their auxiliary verbs "せられる" and "せられる".
Passive state can be used in the following ways:
First, the way of "passive+causing" means that "I" is forced by the situation to do what "I" don't want to do. At this time, the main body is the actor, represented by "が /は"; Under the pressure of the other party, even if the other party is a servant, it is indicated by "に"; The object is still represented by "を". "For example:
1, このになってにずさせられるとは.
I didn't expect to be transferred to work overseas at such a young age.
2.ににをめさせられました. President
Taro was forced to resign by the president.
3. Private mothers, mothers, books and Chinese, ませられてほんとぅにぃやて.
Mom makes me study all day, which is really annoying.
4. How to send and pay money back and forth within one month?
Donations will be collected several times a month.
In the past, when women knew each other, people got married.
In the past, women were often forced to marry strangers.
The second is composed of "possible state+caused state", which means "enabling someone to do something". At this time, the actor (that is, the servant) is represented by the complement に, and the servant is represented by が /は; The object is still represented by "を". "For example:
1, このものはらかぃからにべさせらにからにらににら 1239
This thing is soft and can be eaten by children.
2. Women are diligent, women are diligent, and women are engaged.
A service industry that allows women to work.
3.clouds, sky, rain and waterfalls.
Will it rain on a sunny day?
4. Kim's family, his daughter, his desire, his feet, his heart, his heart.
Even the rich can't satisfy her desire.
5. Eat vegetables three times today, eat vegetables, go to school, travel, 1.
Now you can eat three meals a day, your children can go to school, you can afford to see a doctor when you are sick, and your life is relatively rich.
Third, it is composed of "spontaneous state+causing state", which means that people involuntarily produce some psychological or physiological activities. At this time, the actor is the main body, represented by "はが/"; "に" is often used to indicate the reason. Generally, the complement "に" indicating the object is not needed. For example:
1, その, をぃて, はぃにぇさせられまし.
Hearing these words made me think a lot.
I was moved by the beautiful scenery in front of me.
I can't help being moved by the scenery in front of me.
3. Make a surprise visit to のびっくりさせられた.
I was surprised at my sudden visit.
4. Mr. Wang's decision, personal feelings and feelings are different.
I really admire Mr. Wang's determination.
5, こののにをすらぃわらられたこ〭.
I don't know how many times the funny cross talk between these two people made me cry.
Fourth, the combination of "respect+slavery" shows the highest respect and is generally used as a royal term. This usage cannot use the contract sound "される". At this time, the subject is an actor, whose representative is "はが/"."For example:
1, がぁらせられる. Your Highness is here.
2. きょぅのききぉかせられましては Your Majesty.
His Majesty the Emperor chose this auspicious day today and held a ceremony to establish His Royal Highness the Crown Prince.
3. The Prime Minister has been diligent for many years; をめさせられたかたです. Prime Minister for many years.
4.これはがぇさせられたでござぃます. This is a memorial planted by your majesty.
5. Your Highness's inspection schedule has been determined and the inspection will be completed soon. Your highness completed the inspection schedule as planned.
Note: "せる" in "せる" after five verbs is often read as "される". For example:
Doctors should do it. Drink it. Drink it.
I have to take medicine to see a doctor, so I hate it. (Drink ませられる—→ Drink まされる)
ゆぅべにのぉをまされました.
My friend drank a lot of wine last night. (Drink ませられる—→ Drink まされる)
Note: Among the five verbs, the verb ending with the pen name "す" cannot be abbreviated. For example:
させられる—→× さされる
させられる—→× さされる
In addition, a verb, カ-changing verb and サ-changing verb can't reduce the sound. Although many people in Japan are using a verb and "せら" in the verbs サカ and カら as approximate sounds, it has not been recognized by academic circles. For example:
べさせられる →× べされる
Unwilling させられる→× unwilling される
Laiさせられる →× Laiされる
Learning Japanese is very simple at first, and the more grammar you have, the more difficult it is. The following are the main judgment words of the simple composition method that I think is well summarized:
A verb: a five-paragraph verb
Two kinds of verbs: the previous verb and the next verb.
Three types of verbs: irregular verbs. Mainly refers to する? くる
A class of adjectives: adjectives
Adjective: adjective
Two adjectives: descriptive verbs
な adjective: descriptive verb
Past form: with form+た (line った, start きた? Lai, Liang, Jing)
ますます: Used with ます (きます line, starting from きます? Author けます)
Normal form: termination form
Dictionary form: termination form
Causative form: verb from される? The derivative verb form of れる (OK? What's the matter? けさせる wrote it? させる, Lai)
Possible forms: verb plus (られる), five-paragraph verb changing into the next paragraph, etc. きられる/きれ? けられる/けれる? できる? Come/come)
* * The expression of forms, possible forms and school grammar is very complicated. Add the auxiliary verb させる before it happens? せる? られる? Wait a minute.
Will form: add ぅ or よぅ before it happens. (ok? What's the matter? With what? しよう? Come on)