Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, this paper illustrates the unique creation and immortal artistic value of Chinese stone arch bridge in design and construction, and praises the intelligence of Chinese working people.

Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the characteristics of general stone arch bridge: the bridge hole is arc-shaped; Appeared earlier in the history of world bridges; Not only beautiful in form, but also firm in structure. Then, taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge, two different types of stone arch bridges, as typical examples, the brilliant achievements of stone arch bridges in China are illustrated.

When introducing Zhao Zhouqiao, let's briefly explain the geographical location, construction time and renovation after liberation of Zhao Zhouqiao. Statements such as "the oldest stone bridge that has been used since its completion" and "it has been 1300 years now, and it still maintains its original majestic posture" highlight the long history, firmness and beauty of Zhao Zhouqiao.

Then the article explains the length and width with concrete figures, quotes the poems of Zhang in Tang Dynasty to praise the exquisiteness of design and construction, and then explains the originality and artistic value in design and construction in four points. The first point is that the arch has a small radian, which is convenient for cars and horses to get up and down. The second and third points are explained from the originality of bridge arch design, that is, "the big arch has two small arches on each shoulder" and "the big arch consists of 28 arch rings", which makes the bridge durable. The fourth point is that the bridge is in harmony with the surrounding scenery.

The article introduces Lugou Bridge in the same order.

After introducing the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge, the author explains the reasons why Chinese stone arch bridge has made such brilliant achievements from three aspects. This article is full of deep admiration for the diligence and wisdom of the ancient working people.

Explanatory language pays attention to accuracy and thoroughness, which is reflected in this paper. For example, when introducing the length, width and arch length of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge, the numerical interpretation method is used: "Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters and a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, slightly narrower in the middle and 9 meters wide." "The (Lugou Bridge) bridge is 265 meters long and consists of 65,438+065,438+0 semicircular stone arches, each with a different length, ranging from 65,438+06 meters to 265,438+0.6 meters." These figures are all obtained through scientific survey, which accurately shows the scale of these two bridges. At the same time, the article also uses some words that are not completely defined or limited, such as "the passenger bridge mentioned in the water mirror notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge recorded." "Probably" and "Possibility" are approximate figures, which are defined by "record", showing the author's rigorous academic spirit.

Second, the problem research

1. For the bridge, we should first pay attention to its actual function. According to the article, the stone arch bridge is not only beautiful in shape, but also solid in structure. So, first appearance, then function, is it upside down? Besides, should "not only ... but also ..." be deleted?

In this regard, the author Mao Yisheng's explanation is that writing the form first is an intuitive impression given by the bridge and a perceptual knowledge. Strong structure is a further understanding of the bridge, that is, a rational understanding. Therefore, the relationship between the two is progressive rather than parallel, so the two related words "not only" and "not only" cannot be omitted, but will be used to determine the progressive relationship between them.

2. The first and third features of Zhao Zhouqiao introduced in this paper are all about the big arch. The second feature is that there are two small arches on each shoulder of the big arch. Why didn't the author introduce the third feature of Zhao Zhouqiao after introducing the first feature, that is, the big arch is composed of 28 arch rings with a small arch inserted in the middle?

In this regard, the author's explanation is that a big arch has two small arches on its shoulders, which is the main feature of the first open-shouldered arch in Zhao Zhouqiao. The large arch consists of 28 arch rings, and other arch bridges are laid side by side, so they are arranged in order according to their characteristics.

Practice note

Read the text and complete the following exercises.

1. What are the general characteristics of stone arch bridges in China? Take Zhao Zhouqiao as an example, in my own words, how it embodies the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge.

2. The author introduces Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge respectively, and the order of explanation is basically the same. Please specify.

3. According to the text and illustrations, draw a schematic diagram of Zhao Zhouqiao and mark the corresponding data.

The purpose of setting the topic is to let students know that they should grasp the characteristics of things and pay attention to the explanation order in the explanatory text.

1. The stone arch bridge in China has the characteristics of an ordinary stone arch bridge, that is, it is not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. In addition, the stone arch bridge in China has a long history, is widely distributed, has various forms, and has many amazing masterpieces. Zhao Zhouqiao was founded in 605 AD, and it has been over 1300 years since the author wrote this article, so it has a long history. The 37.4-meter-long arch in Zhao Zhouqiao is a shoulder arch composed of 28 arches, which is in harmony with the surrounding scenery, and the carvings on the bridge are also very exquisite, which strongly shows that Zhao Zhouqiao is indeed an amazing masterpiece.

2. The two bridges are introduced in the order of geographical location, construction time and structural characteristics.

3. sketch.

Second, in order to explain things accurately, the language in the explanatory text is very particular about discretion. Think about it, if the words added in the following sentence are removed, what will happen to the meaning expressed?

1. Stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world.

2. The "Traveler's Bridge" mentioned in the water mirror notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge on record.

There are stone arch bridges almost everywhere in China.

(Zhao Zhouqiao) The whole bridge has only one big arch, which is 37.4 meters long, and it was the longest stone bridge in the world at that time.

The purpose of setting the topic is to make students realize the characteristics of accurate and thorough explanation language.

1. "Earlier" is lighter, so the expression is safer.

2. "About" and "Possibility" are both uncertain meanings, just a speculative situation. "Well-documented" makes the basis of speech more reliable.

3. "Almost" emphasizes that stone arch bridges are widely distributed, but it does not rule out the possibility that there are no stone arch bridges in some places.

4. "At that time" has a time limit, and "can be counted" has a degree limit. This is more in line with the actual situation.

Read the following two paragraphs and answer the questions.

(1) Briefly describe the word "Lugouqiao" in Ci Hai.

The purpose of setting questions is to guide students to pay attention to the characteristics of things, not to cover everything.

The contents mentioned in Ci Hai are as follows: there is a white marble monument of "Lugou Xiaoyue" in the pavilion; Wanping Ancient City near Qiaodong has China People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Memorial Hall and Monument, which is a national key cultural relics protection unit; There is a new bridge next to the bridge.

In this paper, Lugou Bridge is introduced, and the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge are emphatically introduced. If it is as comprehensive as Ci Hai, the writing purpose of the article will be blurred.

(2) Briefly describe the word "sleeping in Lugou".

The purpose of setting the topic is to make students notice the differences between expository and narrative writing.

Sleeping in Lugou is mainly about watching Lugou abortion. The author focuses on moonlight and running water under the bridge, and finally falls on Lugou Bridge itself. With the previous rendering, Lugou Bridge left a beautiful and moving impression on readers. This is quite different from the basic plain introduction in the article.

"China Stone Arch Bridge" is an expository article introducing the knowledge of stone arch bridges. In his simple explanation and elegant taste, the author praised the wisdom and strength of working people everywhere, and praised the long-standing culture and new social system of the motherland, which was very touching. The full text is concise, elegant and logical, which can be called a masterpiece in explanatory writing.

From the structure of the full text, this paper adopts the method of combining general description with sub-description: firstly, the shape, structure and function of stone arch bridge are summarized; Then, Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge are taken as examples to illustrate their unique structure and high artistic level through examples and characteristics. Finally, it summarizes the new development of China's bridge industry after liberation, especially the stone arch bridge. In the main part of the article, that is, introducing these two bridges, we always talk about every specific feature and function of this bridge from its geographical location, construction time and function. The full text is classified and analyzed orderly. This clear organization is a true reflection of the various relationships of the objective things themselves, and also shows the author's profound and clear understanding of the explained objects.

Simplicity is not easy, and what is more commendable is that the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" incorporates description in simplicity and is flexible in organization. For example, the first paragraph of the article introduces the shape of stone arch bridge. First, with the phrase "The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow", the modeling characteristics of the stone arch bridge are very concise and vivid. Then, following the word "like a rainbow", the relationship between "rainbow after rain" and arch bridge is further explained from China ancient myths and poets' works. The arch bridge is compared to "lying rainbow" and "flying rainbow", and the water arch bridge is described as "Changhong lying wave". The combination of dynamic and static forms a colorful and vivid landscape map, which leaves a very deep impression on people. This is completely different from the general dry exposition, and it is clearly a beautiful landscape prose.

"Stability" is more than "change", and the writing is free and easy. This can be seen from the different levels of layout of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge introduced in this paper. This paper introduces Zhao Zhouqiao, emphasizing that it is "a world-famous ancient stone arch bridge and the oldest stone bridge used since its completion". It highlights its ancient architectural age and its service life, which leads to a large section of characteristics. It introduces its design completely in line with scientific principles and ingenious construction technology. The introduction of Lugou Bridge not only gives a general description of its construction age and firmness, but also focuses on its artistic value and commemorative significance in the history of people's struggle in China. In this way, "small differences" appear in "great harmony", and there are ups and downs in stability, avoiding the shortcomings of similarity and slowness.

Clear-cut, flexible, descriptive and mixed, people feel that simplicity contains elegant charm. This is a major feature of the article "China Stone Arch Bridge".

The simplicity of the language application of China Stone Arch Bridge is highlighted in its washing and lightness. The author takes a serious scientific attitude, or talks about principles, or quotes ancient books, or figures, or metaphors, which are unpretentious and clear-cut. The full-text sentences are very short and lively, and they are naturally easy to read without any inflectional feeling. The ancients said: "It is difficult to write with a pen, and it is not easy to use words." It can be described as simple.

However, simplicity is by no means shallow and vulgar. Reading the full text carefully, we can see the depth of the author's pen and kung fu everywhere. Please see: In order to explain that "the stone arch bridge in China has a long history", the author naturally cited the records in the Notes on Water Mirrors in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China as evidence, which is convincing. In order to introduce Zhao Zhouqiao, "the whole bridge is symmetrical in structure and harmonious with the surrounding scenery;" The stone pillars and slabs on the bridge are also beautifully carved. "The author seems to be handy. In the words of Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, looking at the bridge from afar is like "the clouds rise in the early moon, and Changhong drinks the stream", which suddenly arouses readers' rich imagination and brings people into a beautiful realm. When introducing the stone lions on Lugou Bridge, the author wrote interestingly: "Some mothers and children embrace each other, some whisper to each other, and some listen to the sound of water, which is very vivid." It seems that a lion is displayed in front of readers, which makes people feel that it is coming out. It is really not easy to write such a vivid and interesting exposition of knowledge.

When we say "Chinese stone arch bridge" is simple and superficial, we mean it is concise and clear. Please see the last paragraph of the full text. This passage is only a few more than 200 words. We should not only collect the full text, but also introduce the development achievements of China's bridge industry since liberation. It has a large capacity, but the text is more economical. The first sentence "Over the past two thousand years, countless stone arch bridges have been built in China" is not only in harmony with the beginning of the article, but also the main part of the full text. Then, from the large-scale construction of various bridges all over the country after liberation to "there are many stone arch bridges". Stick to the theme of the full text. Then, taking Yunnan Changhong Bridge, double-curved arch bridge and the largest arch bridge as examples, it finally comes down to "the incomparable superiority of the socialist system", which is naturally convincing.

The author's kung fu, simple and natural skill, is also outstanding in choosing words and making sentences. If you introduce Zhao Zhouqiao's achievements, use "famous"; Introduce its history and use "the oldest"; Explain its shape with "spanning", "majestic" and "majestic"; Introducing its construction technology, it is natural and appropriate to use "ingenuity". In the Song Dynasty, Zhu once said, "Writing should be solid and organized." Only by understanding can we rely on reality. Wang Anshi, a great essayist, once said, "A reasonable man does not seek success in his work." The article "China Stone Arch Bridge" is so concise, simple, interesting and beautiful, and "understanding" and "relying on reality" are indeed very important factors.

Finally, I want to emphasize one point. Ancient people's essays talk about "qi", "reason", "emotion" and "spirit" Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Long: "People's emotions speak of form, while haircuts speak of words." Liu Da, a writer in A Qing, said in his Essays: "Keep it simple. Where the style of writing is old, it is simple, its meaning is true, its words are simple, its words are simple, its sense is simple, its taste is light, its gas is simple, its products are expensive, and its spirit is far away, so it is a simple article. " These words illustrate the relationship between the author's thoughts, feelings, cognitive ability and simplicity of writing. The author, Comrade Mao Yisheng, is an old bridge expert in New China. He lived in two completely different societies and devoted his life to the bridge cause and education in China. Before liberation, he presided over the design and construction of the Qiantang River Bridge, the first modern large-scale bridge that our people are proud of so far, which was designed and built by China people themselves. After liberation, he participated in the design and construction of many relatively new bridges and made outstanding contributions to the bridge industry in China. From his life experience, he deeply realized the infinite wisdom and strength of the working people in our country and was proud of it. In addition, the author loves the motherland and socialism, and has a high degree of cultural literacy and profound knowledge of bridge science, which makes this explanatory article sincere, logical, concise and emotional.