The chieftain system in Zhuang area originated from petty officials and local officials in Qin and Han dynasties, and began with the system of restraint in Tang and Song dynasties. It was formed and developed in the Yuan Dynasty, flourished in the Ming Dynasty, declined in the Qing Dynasty and died out in the Republic of China. The toast system has experienced a long history of 1000 years from its emergence to its demise.
The Legacy of Zhuang's Tusi System —— Tusi Nong
Tusi system is also called "local official system". The ruler implemented the chieftain system in Guangxi, with the aim of "governing foreign countries with foreign countries". Tusi system was called Jimizhou system in Tang and Song Dynasties. The central dynasty appointed local ethnic leaders as civilian local officials of the government, prefectures and counties, while the Yuan dynasty strengthened military rule and set up local officials in Wu Zhi, such as ambassadors, envoys, solicitors, senators and litigators. Following the system of Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Ming Dynasty further improved the system of assessment, appointment and removal, tribute and employment of local officials. Tusi system is essentially a feudal Lord system. Local officials are not only the highest political rulers, but also local lords, who hold the military and political financial power and have the right to "kill and plunder" serfs. The chieftain system has established a set of strict ruling institutions to manage the politics, economy, culture, litigation and punishment in the areas under its jurisdiction. Politically, relying on the feudal dynasty and hereditary titles, Xinjiang was divided into different parts, and the local military system was implemented militarily. By planting official fields and military service, serfs were organized into local officials' armed forces, maintaining the rule of local officials and providing conditions for the dynasty's conscription. Economically, local officials are the highest owners of the land under their jurisdiction, and they practice economic exploitation such as labor rent and physical rent. In terms of culture and education, the system of forbidding native chieftain is feudal Lord system. Although it lags behind the feudal system, it is also a special system suitable for ethnic minority areas under certain historical conditions, which has played a positive role in improving the productivity and social and economic development of ethnic minority areas, strengthening exchanges and integration among ethnic groups and defending the unity of multi-ethnic countries.
The Tusi system in Guangxi has existed for hundreds of years. Today, there are still rich Tusi cultural remains in Guangxi, mainly including tombs, sites and cultural relics. Tombs are mostly Ming and Qing tombs, which are generally composed of mounds, tombs, tombs, altars and Shinto. There are single burials and joint burials, all of which are one burial. In Ming Dynasty, the mound of Tusi cemetery was mostly in the shape of steamed bread or helmet, while in Qing Dynasty, the mound of Tusi cemetery was mostly in the shape of word tower or pavilion. Tusi sites include ancient city sites, yamen sites, military sites, road sites, temples, towers, pavilions, bridges and stone carvings. Cultural relics include jade, iron, gold, inscriptions, stone carvings, seals and so on. These cultural heritages are precious historical materials for studying the politics, economy and culture of the chieftain system in Zhuang areas.
Influence on politics, economy and culture in Zhuang area
The influence of the chieftain system on politics, economy and culture in Zhuang area is various. The central dynasty conferred prestigious and influential official positions on local ethnic minorities, divided their borders, enabled them to lead their land and win the world, maintained their original social structure, economic forms and customs, eased the contradiction between the central dynasty and border ethnic minorities, maintained social stability in ethnic areas and promoted their economic and cultural development. At the same time, the two-way cultural exchange between the Zhuang area and the Han nationality has also had a far-reaching impact on the politics and culture of the Zhuang area. Guangda Zhou's book Zhuang Traditional Culture and Modernization (Guangxi People's Publishing House, 1998) summarizes the basic characteristics of Zhuang traditional culture into four aspects: uniqueness, * * Chinese style, inclusiveness and duality. Its inclusiveness is mainly reflected in: ① Many Tusi people have a high level of China culture and have absorbed a lot of China cultural knowledge. ② Some non-commissioned officers and aborigines in Zhuang area, originally Han or other ethnic minorities, have been melted by the powerful Zhuang culture. Tusi system was originally a tool for feudal dynasties to oppress people, but people's feelings are easy to change, so it can exist for a long time. Combined with historical facts, it can be affirmed that the cultural exchange between the strong and the weak during the Tusi system has developed compared with before, and medicine is an important part of culture. Therefore, in the two-way communication between the strong and the weak, Zhuang medicine has also developed greatly.
Promoting effect on Zhuang medicine
As mentioned above, the Tusi system has promoted the political stability and economic and cultural development in Zhuang areas under specific historical conditions. At the same time, the toast system also promoted the development of Zhuang medicine, as shown in the following figure:
The Legacy of Zhuang's Tusi System —— Tusi Nong
1. Medical institutions under the toast system Under the toast system, there are official medical institutions, and there are a certain number of full-time medical staff in both the official and private sectors, which is clearly recorded in local chronicles. According to incomplete statistics, in the 10th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (153 1), more than 40 counties in Guangxi where Zhuang people lived in compact communities set up medical departments, such as Qingyuan Prefecture, Sien County, tianhe county, Wuyuan County, Yongchun County and Nanning Prefecture. (They are all inhabited by Zhuang people). The medical officers in these medical departments are all native people, and among the family members of Tusi, there are also people who specialize in medical work (see Chapter 5 for details), which shows that Zhuang medicine has a certain social status under Tusi system, which is one aspect of the promotion of Zhuang medicine by Tusi system. 2. Local officials attach importance to Zhuang medicine, which is manifested in the worship and commemoration of famous doctors, imperial doctors and drug kings, as well as some praise measures for ethnic medicine. In the Qing Dynasty, the Ancestral Temple, Volume I of the Annals of Ningming Prefecture, recorded that Yiling Temple was near the east gate of the city. The Memorial Record of Yining County Records Volume 43 refers to: Wang Yao Temple, located in Beimen Street, to the left of Dongyue Temple. "Liuzhou County Records Volume III" said: Wang Yao Temple, in the west gate. Wait a minute. Before the Qing Dynasty, there were basically no western medicine and few Chinese medicine in Zhuang areas. Although the names of these imperial doctors and drug kings commemorated in the temple are not marked, they can be said to be folk famous doctors and strong doctors in Zhuang areas to a great extent. Because of their superb medical skills, they can relieve patients' pain and noble medical ethics, and they are admired by the masses. Near the Tusi Yamen in Xincheng, there is still a Sanjie Temple built in Qing Dynasty. Sanjie is a famous doctor who is proficient in internal medicine, surgery and facial features. He can build a temple and enjoy the fragrance of the people. The Sanjie Temple can be built next to the Tusi yamen, and it can also reflect the lofty image of this imperial doctor in the eyes of local officials and people. Some praise measures taken by Tusi for ethnic medicine should also promote the development of ethnic medicine. Li (local official name), general manager of the third branch of Qingyuan Association of Guangxi, presented a plaque to famous doctor Tan. Some folk strong doctors were selected as local celebrities because of their superb medical skills and high respect, such as Rong County Records: Lu Shunde, a native of Guding Village, donated medicine and wrote a book called New Prescriptions for Ancient Medicine. Xiang County Records: Zhao Deben, a native of Tonggeng Village ... is good at dealing with falls. "Sanhe County Records": Hou Defoe, a native of Jialin Village, Zhaizhuang Township ... good pulse management, using herbs. Wait a minute. It is precisely because Zhuang medicine has received a certain degree of attention under the toast system that some special diagnosis and treatment methods, prescriptions and secret recipes have been preliminarily summarized and gradually improved, such as shallow needling, spot-hemp emergency treatment and oral Artemisia annua juice, which were recorded in the literature of Song Dynasty. In the classification of medical books in the Southern Song Dynasty, there also appeared the category of Lingnan South (specifically listing the medical prescriptions of Lingnan ethnic minorities). In the Qing Dynasty, Liucheng County Records pointed out that patients took one or two drugs besides Zhongjing and Shuhe. Women are especially good at other acupuncture techniques. Qin Kai, a strong woman in Liujiang in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, is the main successor of the famous Zhuang medicine thread moxibustion therapy.
Negative influence on Zhuang medicine
Politically, the chieftain system is the product of the national oppression policy of controlling foreigners with foreigners. Tugong was the ruler of the feudal dynasty. In the areas ruled by chiefs, local officials not only have political privileges, but also completely control the economic field. Compared with the previous slavery, this feudal autocracy is social progress, but it is not an ideal paradise, but it has its reactionary, sinful and cruel side, especially with the development of the toast system in the late Ming Dynasty. Local officials are independent and arbitrary, trying to expand their power, and armed harassment often occurs among chiefs. Within the Tusi family, they often kill each other for official positions. Due to years of wars and frequent wars, the development of social productive forces in Zhuang areas has been seriously hindered.
The Legacy of Zhuang Tusi System —— Shu Ya Medog Tusi East Flower Hall
Due to the low level of productivity development, this has affected the further development of Zhuang medicine on the economic basis. First of all, the number of professional strong doctors is limited, especially those who can enter government-run medical institutions. Most strong doctors can only practice medicine in the private sector. In some local chronicles compiled in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, although there are records of yiguang, in fact, these institutions have long since disappeared and have not been rebuilt. This situation directly affects the academic development of Zhuang medicine. Secondly, due to the lack of detailed disciplines, most of the treatment methods of Zhuang medicine can only stay in the experience stage, which has not been further improved, and some have even been submerged because there is no successor. As one of the important weapons, toast attaches great importance to poison and poisoned arrows, but not enough attention to the prevention and treatment of common, frequently-occurring and endemic diseases, which hinders the development of prevention and treatment of these diseases. The narrow, conservative and closed ideology under the toast system is also a negative factor that cannot be ignored in the development of Zhuang medicine. According to documents, Ge Hong, a medical scientist in the Jin Dynasty, and Liu Zongyuan, a scholar in the Tang Dynasty, all spread Chinese medicine to Zhuang areas. In the early years of Song Weiping, the transshipment of Guangnan West Road made Chen Yaosou carve a prescription in Guizhou, and Fan Min, the governor of Yongzhou, ordered the prohibition of prostitution and sacrifice, and the city medicine was used to cure the disease, and the prescription was pasted on the church wall. The above-mentioned people have done some work for the promotion of Chinese medicine, but due to the backwardness, conservatism and closure of the toast system, Chinese medicine in Zhuang areas is underdeveloped. For example, Jingxi County, where Zhuang people live in compact communities, had only one or two Chinese medicine shops until the eve of liberation. Some folk doctors who have read several books on traditional Chinese medicine rarely take them once they prescribe them. This is almost due to subtle flexibility. That means the medical skill is not very good. Therefore, under the chieftain system, traditional Chinese medicine with relatively complete theoretical system failed to influence and penetrate into Zhuang medicine, which is not conducive to the development and perfection of Zhuang medicine. In addition, under the toast system, Zhuang medicine is often put on the coat of superstition, which restricts its development. Objectively evaluating the influence of chieftain system on Zhuang doctors should be said to have both positive and negative aspects, which can neither be completely denied nor fully affirmed. The toast system has its historical achievements in preserving the national and local characteristics of Zhuang medicine, and has made Zhuang medicine develop to a certain extent in the long years. In addition, in the case that the Zhuang nationality has not yet formed its own standard writing, Zhuang medicine can be handed down through oral and some Chinese materials, which cannot but be considered to have a certain relationship with the Tusi system, and its positive role is undeniable.
Xincheng Motorized Toast Yamen-The Forbidden City in Zhuangxiang (see illustration) Xincheng Motorized Toast Yamen 1996 was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit by the State Council. It is the largest and most well-preserved Tusi complex in China, and is known as the "Forbidden City in Zhuangxiang". It has high historical and cultural research value and tourism development value, and is a rare material for studying the toast system. The chief's office has received many film and television artists. More than 0/0 works of TV series "Sister Liu" and "A History of a Clean Government in Yu Chenglong" were shot here. Therefore, the Medog Tusi yamen is famous far and wide, which fills the gap of Tusi tourism in Guangxi. The new town "Moto Tusi Yamen" was built in the tenth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty, with a total area of 389,000 square meters, of which the main building covers an area of more than 40,000 square meters, including zhaobi, gate, prison room, barracks, main hall (the first hall), long corridor (also called Hualang), East Flower Hall, West Flower Hall, Second Hall, East Wing Room, West Wing Room and Third Hall, etc. Mo Tusi has lived in Xincheng for more than 470 years and moved to Yamen four times. It was first built in Gushang Village, then moved to banxian Village and then moved to Guyao Village. Later, he moved to the foot of Cuiping Mountain. On the porch of the Medog Toast yamen stood two lattice columns with a pair of carved couplets hanging on them. The door is an instrument door. Climb the stairs along the road in the yard, and you will come to the main hall. In the middle of the hall, there is a box with mallets, tokens, pens, inkstones and so on. Behind the desk is a movable screen with a huge plaque of "mirror hanging high", with drums and gongs on the left and right. All kinds of weapons are listed in an orderly way, and the words "avoid" and "silence" soar into the sky, making the atmosphere look terrible.
The Legacy of Zhuang Toast System —— The First Toast Office in Asia —— Moto Toast Office
Xihuating is the first place where local officials examine and punish prisoners. There are two halls at the end of the corridor, which are also three open questions. There are screens on the left and right, and the left room is where local officials handle their daily affairs, with a built-in Four Treasures of the Study; In the middle is the Chamber of Deputies, with desks and plush chairs. On the right are the master bedroom and the study. The front windows are all hollowed-out flower windows with flower-and-bird patterns, which are vivid and lifelike. The pattern of this flower window is made by imitating the brocade pattern of the new town. The whole Tusi yamen building is a brick-wood structure, with a bucket-through structure, hard corners, carved beams and painted buildings, and red painted columns and beams. It not only has the style of classical palace architecture in the Central Plains, but also has the architectural charm of southern minorities, which embodies the national characteristics of Zhuang areas. Therefore, it is known as the "Forbidden City in Zhuangxiang".
The Legacy of Zhuang's Tusi System —— Tusi Nong
Nong's toast yamen (
Agriculture and Tusi Yamen is located in Chengbei Street, Guangnan County, north-south direction, covering an area of 1 1000 square meters. Now it is the former site of Guangnan County No.1 Primary School. There are four steps on the yamen, including the main entrance, middle door and three doors. There is a vertical plaque of "hereditary military mansion" on the gate. There is a blue brick wall in front of the door, which is about 6 meters wide and 5 meters high. There are a pair of stone lions at the entrance of the lobby, a drum shed on the left and two prisons next to it. There is an agent room and a signature room in the front yard. There is a study and a conference room in the east and west. There are Wufeng Building and Xiulou in the backyard. Yi Zu's memorial tablet is in the house in the last yard. Deep courtyard is heavy and large in scale. The existing Yamen Hall, with seven bays and resting on the top of the mountain, has a beam-type wooden frame with a height of 9 meters, a width of 14.3 meters and a depth of 2 1 meter, and 42 wooden poles, with heavy materials and magnificent architecture. From the twelfth year of Yuan Dynasty (1275) to the thirty-seventh year of the Republic of China (1948), the peasant chieftain was hereditary in Guangnan for 28 generations in 673. The chieftain system of Zhuang nationality is a special political system and ethnic policy implemented by the feudal dynasty of the Central Plains to the ethnic minorities in Guangxi. It originated in the Tang and Song Dynasties, established in the Yuan Dynasty, perfected in the Ming Dynasty, declined in the Qing Dynasty and died out in the Republic of China. This period experienced a history of more than 1000 years, which had an important impact on the social and historical development of local ethnic groups in Guangxi, occupied a very important position in the study of local history and ethnic history in Guangxi, and became a problem worthy of attention in the study of local ethnic history in Guangxi. So far, the academic circles at home and abroad have made remarkable achievements in the study of the chieftain system of Zhuang nationality. Huang Xianfan, a master of Zhuang studies, was the first scholar to make an in-depth study of Zhuang Tusi system. Although some scholars had made a preliminary discussion on the Zhuang Tusi before him, such as The Man on the Ridge Table written by Mr. Liu Jie 1934, there was a special chapter on Tusi, which outlined its origin, political structure and economic, social and family organizations. The section on "Guangxi Tusi" focused on the origin of the Tusi in western Guangxi, but did not specifically discuss the Tusi system in Zhuang areas. The earliest paper devoted to the study of "Zhuang Tusi System" was Huang Xianfan's long article "Tusi System in West Guangxi" published in July 1962.
The Heritage of Zhuang Tusi System —— The first Tusi Yamen in Asia —— The plaque of the East Flower Hall of Moto Tusi Yamen
"Tuguan" and "Tusi" are two different concepts. The word "local officials" has existed since ancient times, and it began to be the title of official positions and officials who ruled ethnic minorities in the Song Dynasty. The original meaning of the word "Tusi" refers to the official yamen that ruled ethnic minorities, which began to appear in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. "Tusi" is divided into two systems: Wen and Wu. After the middle of Ming Dynasty, "local officials" and "toast" were confused. Tusi system is a political system with indirect rule centered on Tusi, a local administrative organ located in minority areas, so it should be called Tusi system, not Tusi system. It is generally believed that the content of "Tusi system" is mainly to stipulate the relationship between local officials and feudal dynasties, which is reflected by some specific measures of feudal dynasties in this regard. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the "Tusi System" set up in Guangxi was mostly in the Zhuang area in western Guangxi. In his long article "Tusi System in Western Guangxi", Huang Xianfan thought: "In the Tang Dynasty, there were also some Jimi States in western Guangxi, mainly local Tusi, but the political system and social organization remained unchanged. After Song Pingnong was wise, he appointed Di Qing's subordinates and local chieftains as local officials, set up many caves in Tuzhou County, and exercised feudal rule over the territory ... "Then he discussed the" economic system "on which the" chieftain system "in the Zhuang area of western Guangxi depended. He believes that "the chieftain has completely occupied the land of the means of production" and "the chieftain has not completely occupied the direct producer serfs". Then, on this basis, it is demonstrated that the feudal society of lords in Tuzhou county in western Guangxi is based on the underdeveloped clan and tribal society, and it is considered that the feudal society of lords in Tuzhou county in western Guangxi is not based on the slave society. His views are now recognized by most Zhuang scholars. Wang Zhaowu, Huang Xianfan's assistant and member of the investigation team, immediately published the article "Investigation on Land Relations during the Tuguan Rule in daxin county" (Guangxi Daily 1 962165438+10/), which is a supplement to the investigation data of daxin county Zhuang. In fact, as early as 1956, when Huang Xianfan led the members of the "Guangxi Minority Social History Investigation Team" to inspect the social history of Guangxi minorities, he focused on the academic investigation and data collection of the chieftain system in Zhuang areas. At that time, he led Su Guanchang, a member of the Zhuang Group, to ride horses to Tiandeng, Longguang, Debao and other counties, and led Wang Zhaowu, an assistant, and others to daxin county for investigation, mainly in a hurry to collect historical data on the reign of local officials. In 65438+February of the same year, Huang Xianfan organized and compiled the Historical Materials of Bo People in the Tusi System in Guangxi (mimeographed edition), including the Tusi System, Zuojiang Tusi System, Youjiang Tusi System, the evolution of Tuzhou County in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Youjiang Zhuang custom contained in Guangxi County Records, Xiyuan Man Guang Yuan Fu Man Zhan Za Zhu, and Ling Subsequently, the Collection of Guangxi Tusi System Materials edited by the History Group of the Museum of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was published in mimeographed form.
Research on the System of Local Officials in Guangxi
Some foreign scholars who study Huang Xianfan think that Huang Xianfan and Liu Jie have the same early opinions on the issue of "Tusi", that is, most of the Tusi in Guangxi are Shandong people (Han nationality) who came to Guangxi with Song Pingnong and Gao Zhishi. This is Huang Xianfan's viewpoint in A Brief History of Gelao Nationality in Guangxi. However, after years of research, Huang Xianfan published the article "Tusi System in West Guangxi" in July 1962, which actually changed this concept. He said in the article: "After the Songping Uprising, many of Di Qing's subordinates were sent to western Guangxi as local officials, and many local governors were appointed as local officials. Among the former people, it was actually the local chief who pretended to be with Dinan, and there were many more people. According to Guangxi Local Records, Tuzhou County Cave was set up by local officials appointed by the Song Dynasty in parts of Zuoyoujiang and Yishan. The latter has about 30 people, and the list is as follows ... (omitted). Most of these local officials are from Shandong. Although there are many local chieftains, and they have been blocked successively, there is a * * * feature, that is, they all practice feudal rule of territorial system. For example, Luo Shinian, a local official who took office on the table, but after he returned to the motherland and was blocked,' There are 160 brothers and nephews, and the stone attendants are forbidden to take classes to serve in the temple' (Draft of Song Yaoji, volume 198) carried out the reactionary policy of the rulers of the Song Dynasty. "This shows that Huang Xianfan's concept of" toast "has changed. In his view, most of the local officials in western Di Qing were local chieftains (Zhuang ruling group) who claimed to follow Dinan's expedition. Later, his student, Professor Su Guanchang, in the article "A Preliminary Study on the Ethnic Composition of Guangxi Tuguan" published in 1963, advocated that "Guangxi Tuguan was the ruling group of Bo people in the Song Dynasty". [Su Guanchang's Preliminary Study on the Ethnic Composition of Guangxi Local Officials and 1963, the second and third issues of National Unity are just a kind of "Tusi view" of Huang Xianfan. Later, his students Su Guanchang and Li Ganfen successively published The Positive and Negative Effects of Guangxi Local Officials System (Su Guanchang, Ethnic Studies No.3, 198 1) and Guangxi Local Officials in Ming Dynasty (Su Guanchang, Academic Forum No.5,1). Guangxi Ethnic StudiesNo. 1986No. 1), Land Problems in Guangxi Tuguan Ruled Areas in Qing Dynasty (Su Guanchang's Guangxi Ethnic StudiesNo. 1987 No.2), Summary of Academic Seminar on Tusi System (Li Ganfen's Guangxi Ethnic Studies NewsletterNo./. 988), Reform of Guangxi Local Official System in Ming Dynasty (Su Guanchang's Guangxi Ethnic Studies), Decline of Guangxi Local Official System in Qing Dynasty (Su Guanchang's Guangxi Ethnic StudiesNo. 199 1 No.2), Three Discussions on the Ethnic Composition of Guangxi Local Officials (Su Guanchang's Guangxi Ethnic Studies) and Guangxi New Town.
A Study on the Tusi System in Zhuang Areas and the Reform of Local Areas —— Literature Series of Professor Li Liangyu and His Doctoral Students
A Study on the Tusi System and the Return of the Native in Zhuang Areas —— Professor Li Liangyu and his doctoral thesis first divided the return of the native in Zhuang areas into two concepts: narrow sense and broad sense. In a narrow sense, during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the central government gradually transformed the hereditary system of chieftain in Zhuang areas into a system of flowing officials and people until the chieftain system in Zhuang areas was completely abolished. In a broad sense, the transformation of Zhuang area into local area refers to the process that the central government gradually transformed Zhuang area into an administrative area consistent with the Central Plains after Qin conquered Lingnan. This transformation process includes the period of Rong, Tusi and regional ethnic autonomy, and the central government adopted different ethnic policies in different periods. The historical and cultural characteristics of Zhuang nationality can be summarized as follows: a long tradition of autonomy, with Dong as the social unit, obvious national symbols, language and writing system, and the influence of Chinese culture gradually strengthened. According to the general Zhuang scholars, the land reform in Zhuang areas in Ming Dynasty was a failure. Even if there is something worthy of recognition, the weight of affirmation should not be too great. After careful study, Professor Li Liangyu pointed out that the Tusi problem in Zhuang areas had been solved in the Ming Dynasty, especially in the sixth year of Jiajing. After Wang Shouren split Tianzhou and Sien, the fate of Zhuang Tusi was completely decided by the central government. In the Qing Dynasty, after the reform in Yongzheng period, the toast system in Zhuang areas had declined very much. By the end of Guangxu, the toast system in Zhuang area was on the verge of abolition. During the Republic of China, the chieftain system in Zhuang areas was completely abolished after the warlords of old Guangxi and new Guangxi returned to China. Returning home has changed the pattern of Zhuang ethnic groups. More and more Han people began to live in the core areas of Zhuang ethnic groups, and the pattern of multi-ethnic coexistence in Zhuang ethnic groups has taken shape. Returning home has completely changed the traditional politics, economy and culture of Zhuang nationality, and brought the distance between Zhuang area and Central Plains closer and closer. Returning home has a great influence on the integration and assimilation of the strong and strong people, and it also increases the difficulty of maintaining the boundaries of the strong and strong people. The improvement of soil is directly proportional to the sinicization of Zhuang nationality: the deeper the soil improvement, the greater the flow regression. The deeper the localization of Zhuang nationality. As of March, 2007, Professor and his doctoral students published "Research on Tusi System and Local Land Improvement in Zhuang Areas". In Tusi Area of Sicheng, Zhuang people in local villages built large and small temples of General Cen to worship the military god of General Cen. In fact, General Cen's army god is the local toast god, and the local people almost regard General Cen's army god as the omnipotent god. General Cen's belief in military gods is similar to that in 40% areas, which is of great significance for studying the formation and development of China's pluralistic and integrated culture.