-Excerpt from "The World of Trance"

Intelligence refers to the effectiveness of individual mental function in all aspects, especially to people's ability to understand, learn and recall, think and reason. Because these abilities cannot be directly evaluated or measured, people can only infer a person's intelligence level by evaluating individual behavior in different fields. So psychologists have different definitions of intelligence, and there are many measurable intelligence factors.

At first, people thought that intelligence was the innate ability of the brain, and it was a sign to distinguish highly evolved animals from lower animals, geniuses and ordinary people. But now scientists believe that although the development of intelligence is partly determined by heredity, it is mainly determined by the stimulating or inhibiting factors in the individual's growth environment.

In addition, some people think that intelligence is a unique or integral feature of thinking. But experiments show that at least some factors contained in intelligence can be distinguished, such as language, space, memory, reasoning ability and so on. Therefore, it is best to regard intelligence as a combination of many highly differentiated and overlapping skills, rather than a single talent.

Swiss psychologist jean piaget has a completely different view on intelligence. He emphasized that children's spiritual development has different stages, and the complexity and rationality of each stage are gradually increasing. Piaget not only measures intelligence, but also explores the limitations and growth process of children's thinking.

Nowadays, intelligence measurement is generally used to evaluate intelligence level. Intelligence measurement belongs to the ability measurement in psychological measurement, and it is a method to measure the differences between individuals. It predicts or determines their future behavior by evaluating their reactions. Ability measurement measures an individual's language or operational skills, and its standard is the average level of ordinary people.

1905, French psychologist Binet.Alfred used the development scale to predict learning potential for the first time. This scale contains some small tasks to test intelligent thinking. These small tasks are carried out individually by talking, and the corresponding tasks are arranged according to children's psychological age, and then scored. The ratio of psychological age to physiological age is IQ "1.Q". Later, Terman of Stanford University expanded the version of the scale and standardized it according to the age gradient, forming the Stanford Binet.Alfred Scale that we are familiar with today. 1939, David Wechsler, a psychologist working in Bellevue Hospital in new york, published the first edition of Wexler Adult Intelligence Scale, which included 1 1 test items, including 6 language items and 5 operation items. Judging the result according to the language score, operation score and total score. The updated versions of these two scales are still the main tools to measure the intelligence level of children and adults.

19 17, the U.S army adopted the group intelligence test, and the intelligence of a group of people can be measured simultaneously through questionnaires. Later, many similar tests were modified. Adopted by educational and employment institutions. The average IQ of these tests is 100, regardless of age. The IQ of people with mental retardation can be as low as 40, and those with extremely high intelligence can reach 160.

IQ is not a constant value. Although the development level of infants can be measured, the intelligence status of adults after 5 years old can be predicted by IQ measurement. From the age of 12, IQ is basically the same as that of adults, but it may still fluctuate greatly. It should be pointed out that we need to be very cautious when using IQ to predict academic performance or daily life ability, because apart from intelligence, academic performance is at least related to interest, family support and education quality, while career success is more related to personality, opportunities and professional skills.

The IQ of twins raised by different families is close, which shows that genetic factors play a decisive role. On the other hand, many evidences show that once children living in a highly impoverished environment are transferred to a stimulating environment, their intelligence develops quite rapidly, and the most effective stimulation includes games, conversations and interactions between mother and child. The improvement of maternal and child health and nutrition level has also played a role. Of course, this does not mean that the way to make children smart is so simple. For example, after-school tutoring will not have a lasting effect. Training children's skills in coping with intelligence measurement can only improve their IQ scores, but can't change their overall intelligence level. Therefore, intelligence measurement, especially collective measurement, often leads to incorrect results and is misleading. However, if we pay attention to the influence of heredity and environment, under the operation and interpretation of trained experts, this judgment still has certain predictive and diagnostic value.

At present, it is still controversial whether intelligence measurement reflects a person's heredity or innate ability, or his upbringing, social background and education level. The original purpose of intelligence measurement is to measure the potential of individuals, regardless of cultural background, money or power. But today, intelligence measurement is more about measuring individual achievements (such as the quantity and quality of tasks completed) than their ability tendency (such as learning potential), so that those children who have no chance to express themselves are at a disadvantage. Therefore, some critics believe that intelligence measurement has become a tool to discriminate against disadvantaged groups or poor children. Both of the above viewpoints have been proved by powerful research. The American comedy IQ also explores this.

The story of "1.Q" took place in Princeton, New Jersey in the early 1950s. Physicist Catherine and car mechanic Ed fell in love at first sight, which was arranged by her uncle Einstein, a famous physicist who was teaching at Princeton University at that time. Ed is a self-taught inventor who likes to play with machinery. Although he hasn't studied for a few years, he is already thinking about the relationship between cold fusion and nuclear-powered spacecraft. Catherine's mate selection condition is IQ. She vacillates between her ex-boyfriend James and Ed. James is an experimental psychologist at Princeton University. But Einstein fell in love with Ed and thought he was considerate, so he wrote him a love letter and gave him one of his early papers, asking him to pretend to be a physics student and attend an international conference. This paper was a sensation, and Ed was hailed as a genius. Dissatisfied, James tested Ed's IQ in public and scored as high as186 "I Q". Of course, this is the result of Einstein's behind-the-scenes inspiration. Catherine announced that she would marry Ed, and James tried to prove that Ed was a liar. President Eisenhower visited the university and hoped that Ed would join the cold fusion rocket development program. James called Ed's paper plagiarism at the press conference, but Einstein stepped forward to save the situation. At the end of the film, Einstein and his colleagues warned everyone not to let their thoughts interfere with their feelings.

"IQ" was shot in 1994, directed by Fred Xie Bixi, starring Tim Robbins and meg ryan, and played by Walter Mato as Einstein. The soundtrack is Jerry Goldsmith, a very prolific and famous Hollywood composer. He has composed music for General Barton, Ni's Secret, Coma, Sleeping with the Enemy and many other blockbusters. Biography of Freud, Shock Therapy, Pain and Ecstasy, Psychopaths II and Instinct mentioned in this book. 1994, another important event related to IQ happened, which was Forrest Gump. This year, "Forrest Gump" swept most of the Oscar awards, and received rave reviews from all walks of life, becoming the third largest blockbuster in history, and all major newspapers and periodicals around the world published editorials for it. The original film has become a best seller, many lines have become popular aphorisms, and Forrest Gump has become a life philosophy that people admire. Forrest Gump has become a popular cultural phenomenon. Its success from 65438 to 0994 is world-class news, but the film itself is not excellent.

Although Forrest Gump has the form of an epic film, it lacks real depth and sound. It has the fancy gimmicks of satirical films, but it lacks a consistent position; It has the appearance of a historical reflection film, but lacks keen criticism. To paraphrase a sentence in the script, Forrest Gump is not a smart movie, but it knows what love is. Tom Hanks, a young actor, plays the leading role of mentally retarded in the film, which has won the love of hundreds of millions of viewers. Before this, there has never been a character like Forrest Gump in the film, and even if there is, it may fall into the stereotype, so Forrest Gump can be said to be unprecedented. Forrest Gump is a comedy, which can be said to be a history or a dream. Eric Ross's plays have the complexity of modern novels, but there is no formula of modern movies. The hero Forrest Gump is a very upright person with an IQ of only 75. He experienced all the major events in American history during the turbulent 30 years from 1950s to 1980s. He survived these changes, and all he used to protect himself was honesty and decency.

People with IQ of 70-84 are classified as borderline mental retardation in taxonomy. Most of these patients are healthy, without the special facial features that people with low IQ often have, and their language ability and understanding ability are acceptable, but their abstract thinking ability is declining, and their breadth, depth and alertness are poor, so they cannot complete advanced and complicated mental work. According to their personality and temper characteristics, they can be roughly divided into stable type and unstable type. Unstable people often rest their hands and feet, lack self-knowledge, and are easily annoying or teased. Steady type, Forrest Gump, is generally quiet, obedient, easy to receive education, able to master certain labor skills, work and study honestly, easy to get sympathy and concern from others, and because he is not good at opportunism, his work is more solid than others. The international classification does not include borderline mental retardation, and the China classification includes.

However, this film is not a warm-hearted story about mental retardation. This classification is too limited to accommodate such a blockbuster as Forrest Gump. This is more like a reflection on our times in the eyes of a less cynical realist. Get to know Forrest Gump well, and the audience will understand why being too smart will be looked down upon. Forrest Gump's intelligence is just right. The film is full of hilarious jokes and silent truth, and the actor's performance keeps a gripping balance between comedy and sadness. Tom Hanks may be the only actor suitable for this role. After seeing how he transformed Forrest Gump into such a man with dignity and courage, we can't imagine who else can shoulder this heavy responsibility. Indeed, Tom Hanks's specialty is to portray people's integrity. Whether it's a widowed father suffering from insomnia in Sleepless in Seattle or a gay man suffering from AIDS in Philadelphia, his role always faces difficulties and makes his life more meaningful than ordinary people. Forrest Gump is simple-minded but kind-hearted. Waiting at a bus stop in Savannah, Georgia, he is willing to tell his story to everyone who wants to hear it. Forrest Gump was born in Grimborg, Alabama in the forties, and his IQ is low. My mother, who runs a boarding apartment, is strong-willed and takes care of him wholeheartedly, and refuses to send him to a special education class, so as not to be more unfavorable to him. In order to correct Forrest Gump's severe scoliosis, she put on leg pads for him, but she never criticized his ideas. When others said he was stupid, she said to him, "Stupid people want to do stupid things." Forrest Gump can't do any difficult movements, but when his leg pad is taken off, he runs like a fly. On the first day of school, Forrest Gump made friends with Jenny, so that Jenny temporarily escaped from her father's physical and sexual abuse. One day, local hooligans threw stones at Forrest Gump. Jenny told Forrest Gump to run away. Forrest Gump took off his leggings and flew away.

A few years later, Scud Forrest Gump joined the football team and won a sports scholarship to enter the university. This kind of joke is repeated in the future, which often brings good luck to his life. Forrest Gump became an American football star and was received by President Kennedy at the White House. After graduating from college, Forrest Gump joined Wu Kai and became a model soldier. He is Bubba's best friend. Bubba is also a southerner. His IQ is not high, but he has a kind heart. He dreams of owning a shrimp boat. They went to Vietnam together and became Captain Dane's men. Dane's ancestors fought in * * * and died in the American War. In an attack, Forrest Gump saved most people in the team, but Bubba died in his arms, and Captain Dane lost his legs. Forrest Gump learned to play table tennis during his convalescence in a military hospital. After returning home, he taught other veterans in the hospital to play table tennis, inspiring their simplicity. Later, President Johnson awarded him the Medal of Honor. Forrest Gump often meets Jenny in his life. Jenny's life path is completely different from Forrest Gump's. After giving a speech at a large anti-war rally led by abbie hoffman, Forrest Gump and Jenny met briefly, and Jenny was already a witness. The two lovers parted ways. Forrest Gump met Captain Dane in new york. Dane was in a wheelchair and hated them. We are unhappy, but we are still good friends. Forrest Gump's visit to China by joining the table tennis team marks the beginning of relaxation. Forrest Gump also met Nixon. Forrest Gump bought a shrimp boat in memory of Bubba, and a storm made his business flourish. He also bought shares in Apple Computer Company, although he only knew it was a fruit company. Forrest Gump's wealth grew through lucky investment, while Jenny's drug abuse in California is tantamount to chronic suicide. After Forrest Gump's mother died of cancer, Forrest Gump returned to Grimborg, and so did Jenny. They fell in love, but she left soon. Forrest Gump decided to wander, but eventually walked across the United States. During his three-year journey, it triggered the national jogging fashion. After returning to Grimborg, Forrest Gump received a letter from Jenny inviting him to Savannah, Georgia. Forrest Gump found Jenny changed and devoted herself to raising their children. The two lovers finally got married. They lived happily in Grimborg, but Jenny soon died of an unknown virus infection. Forrest Gump continues to be a conscientious single father. Forrest Gump, as a personification symbol of American national character, is honest, tolerant, kind and loyal, and combines traditional virtues. His life represents the mainstream of American society, while Jenny's weak will and lack of self-control represent the trend of counter-culture. Her beautiful body hides a devastated heart. She dropped out of school, took drugs, took part in anti-war demonstrations, stayed in a lover's hotel and dealt with drug syringes. Forrest Gump and Jenny represent all milestones in contemporary American cultural history, and their final reconciliation symbolizes the dream of compromise in American society. Forrest Gump takes the audience by the hand and walks into the smoke of history, so that they can relive the past years from a new angle through his eyes, sing with him ideologically, unload the heavy moral burden and get spiritual sublimation. W bud Edwards, a veteran of the Vietnam War and a psychiatrist, believes that Forrest Gump has a comforting effect on the survivors of the Vietnam War.

Despite its limitations, Forrest Gump is still full of twists and turns, thanks to Tom Hanks's superb acting skills and a series of historical scenes produced by computer artists of Industrial Optics and Special Effects Company, which are unprecedented in realism. Robert Zan Mikis, director of Back to the Future and Against Roger Rabbit, deeply invited the magic of special effects. In this film, computer image processing technology has been successfully used to put Forrest Gump and real people in some historical occasions, such as Forrest Gump standing at the school gate of the University of Alabama with Governor george wallace, Forrest Gump teaching Elvis Presley to twist his ass, Forrest Gump visiting the White House three times, and Forrest Gump giving a speech at a peace rally in Washington during the Vietnam War. When creating the role of Captain Dane, special effects were also used. Dane lost his legs, which looks real and reminds people of the hero Ron Kovic, who was born on July 4th. Zan Mikis carefully selected TV documentary clips, re-dubbed them and recreated some funny scenes, such as President Johnson looking at the wound on Forrest Gump's ass. The most irritating joke in the film is that Nixon asked Forrest Gump to stay in Washington and suggested that he live in the Watergate apartment. Although there are precedents in Citizen Kane and Chameleon that fictional heroes and real historical figures are on the same stage, Forrest Gump represents a technological breakthrough. Fortunately, the thought is far less profound than the first two glamorous movies, and Forrest Gump looks as simple as the protagonist.

Forrest Gump is a superficial epic, even an epic. For example, its views on the Vietnam War are not based on real historical memories, but are pieced together by calling some scenes familiar to the audience from the most famous Vietnam War movies. In fact, when the director reproduces the time and place of each era, he does not rely on visual feelings, but only through sound; Once the representative music of a certain era is inserted, the director's task is half completed. Each character is also sketched, and the unexplained part of Jenny's experience reproduces all the historical events in the 1960s, which can be traced back to a well-known childhood experience. The image of Captain Dane comes from Pai (with legs) and was born on July 4th (without legs). Winston Glum's original work contains severe satire on racism and the army, but the film only downplays it and is ambiguous about the events it depicts. Although * * * and some party dignitaries praised Forrest Gump as a propaganda material to restore traditional values and condemned the anti-culture in the 1960s, this film represents the liberalism of the old Hollywood school in many places: racism is wrong, war is hell, assassination is despicable, and seriousness is good. This film dare not offend anyone too much. Make people comfortable and make their own money.

In order to realize its great emotional power, Forrest Gump also caters to the lower elements of American character, the most obvious of which is distrust of epistemology and naive belief that simplicity will bring good results. Frank capra once abandoned people who respected similar values, but this film is more ambiguous, contradictory and ambiguous. Praising Mikis's films can be said to have a heart but no brain.