1, native and natural.
From the grassroots level, China society is rural. People who live directly from agriculture stick to the land. In the relationship between man and space, it is normal for generations to settle down, that is, not to flow; Migration or flow is abnormal. As far as the spatial distribution of people is concerned, it is isolated and separated, with low population mobility and sparse communication between communities.
Its isolation and separation are not based on individuals, but on groups living in the same place. The reasons are as follows: small farmers operate, and the distance between the house and the farm will not be too far; The need for cooperation in public projects such as water conservancy; Security needs (people, animals, ghosts); The tradition of equal inheritance between brothers makes the population accumulate in the same place from generation to generation. ?
A normal life is always home. In the relationship between people, it has become an acquaintance society, a society that grew up together, an organic gemeinschaft, and an organic unity. This kind of familiarity comes from the intimacy in timely, multifaceted and frequent contact, which is for people and things.
This lifestyle of settled society and acquaintance society is incomparable to that of mobile society and stranger society (a society that is combined to complete a task and a legal society that is combined by machinery). ?
2. The article "Words Going to the Countryside".
In rural society, it can never be said that writing is stupid. The affection conveyed by words is incomplete, indirect speech, which can't match the local situation at that time and is an imperfect tool. Not only writing, but also oral English (Fei Xiaotong simply divides language into speaking and writing) is also a tool that has to be taken. Language appears on the same level of all the experiences of a group. The larger the group, the more limited the intersection of experiences and the more simplified the language. ?
In addition to these * * * languages, special languages between a few people, so-called jargon, so-called incisions, will also be produced because of personal needs. In this intimate community of rural society, there are not only such incisions, but also more symbolic materials that do not require the participation of sound and words, which are more effective than language. Therefore, in rural society, not only words are redundant, but even words are not the only symbol system to convey affection.
3. "Rewrite the words of going to the countryside".
Rural society is a face-to-face society. If you have something to say, you can make it clear to your face without resorting to words. The emergence of characters is because people encounter obstacles in space and time in the process of transmitting information. The obstacles of time include the personal gap between past and present and the social gap between generations. Speaking of the gap between the past and the present, people in a rural society need a narrow range of memories.
As for the generation gap, because rural society is a very stable society, people grew up in acquaintances and cultivated land, and their personal experiences are equal to those of generations. Experience doesn't need to be accumulated, it just needs to be preserved.
People who grow up in a rigid life have the habit of going deep into the physiological foundation, which helps them to work at sunrise and rest at sunset. In this society, it is enough to pass on experience from generation to generation only by talking, not by words and books. (China's writing didn't happen at the grassroots level. The earliest writing was temple-style. )?
4. "Differential sequence mode".
The research object of this paper is not limited to the rural society, but the cultural tradition of China. The pattern of western society, like a bundle of firewood, is a group pattern. China's design is like a ripple caused by a stone thrown into the water. Everyone is the center of the circle driven by his social influence, which is a pattern of difference and harmony. Everyone's network has a (self) center, and the center of each network is different. The scope of the network is flexible according to the size of the central power. ?
Under the group structure, first, the concept of equality, group members are equal, individuals can not infringe on everyone's rights; Second, the constitutional concept, the group can only control the individual on a right that the individual is willing to hand over, and the group cannot obliterate the individual. Under the pattern of difference order, there is only egoism, and public and private are relative. Standing in any circle and looking inward can also be said to be public.
Therefore, Fei Xiaotong said that in the traditional society of China, one can sacrifice his family, his party, his country and the world for his family. This is the same as governing the country by self-cultivation, and it is also the same in organization. The only difference is the introversion and extroversion, and the positive and negative statements. Note that at this point, the same is true of western countries, which can sacrifice the interests of other countries for their own interests. This is an exception to the group-self boundary under the western group structure. ?
5. The article "Maintaining Private Morality".
The concept of morality includes three parts, norms, beliefs and sanctions. Under the group structure, the basic concept of morality is based on the relationship between groups and individuals, which is related to the religious concept of Christianity. Piety and trust are one of them, and the equality of individuals before God and God's justice for everyone are the other.
Agent is a basic concept in a group structure society. The agent is the executor of the will of God or the group, not God and the group itself. The difference between God and God's agent, priest, country and country's agent and government should not be confused. There is a saying in the Declaration of Independence that human beings organize the government to protect these rights, and the appropriate power of the government must be generated with the consent of the ruled; If any regime is harmful to these goals, the people have the right to reform or abolish any regime.
We hold these truths to be self-evident. In the moral system under the pattern of differential order, there is no universal love regardless of differential order, and it is not easy to find individual moral elements for the group. All values can't exist outside the human relations, and all universal standards don't work. We must first ask who the object is and what the relationship is with ourselves before we can decide what standards we can come up with. ?
6. "family" article.
Family is a reproductive group composed of parents and children. In any culture, the family is always endowed with other functions besides fertility. In the west, the family is a group community with strict group boundaries. There are few things to do in this community, mainly giving birth to children. In the rural society of China, the family has no strict group boundaries, not limited to parents and children, but can expand along the paternal line. Structurally, it is a clan, a commercial organization endowed with complex functions such as politics, economy and religion.
The size of the home depends on the size of the business. In western families, husband and wife are the main axis, * * * is engaged in reproductive affairs, and children are the supporting roles. China's home is a continuous business community, its main axis is between father and son, between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, and it is vertical, and the husband and wife become matching axes. Pay attention to efficiency and eliminate ambiguity between husband and wife. Not only gender, but also different age groups keep a large distance, which is the result of bringing many functions other than fertility into the family community. ?
7. "Men and women are different".
The power to stabilize social relations is not emotion, but understanding, that is, accepting the same meaning system. In rural society, it is gender that prevents people living together from fully understanding it. Faustian love spirit, which does not aim at practicality and pursues the creation of life experience (meaning of life), cannot exist in rural society, because rural society does not need new social relations, and it is even more afraid that old social relations will be destroyed.
The relationship between men and women must be arranged so that there will be no exciting feelings between them. This is the principle that men and women are different, that is, simply think that men and women do not need to ask for the same, do not need to understand, and are isolated in life. In rural society, the family is a single-line combination of the same sex and the opposite sex, and the same-sex principle is more important than the opposite sex principle. Because of the different boundaries between men and women, China's traditional emotional orientation is biased towards the same sex, and the degree of homosexuality and narcissism is not shallow.
8. Rule of Rites and Order.
The west is a society ruled by law. (The rule of law is the rule of man, but it is not without human factors. The rural society is a society without laws (the rules maintained by state power) and a society (people) governed by courtesy. A society governed by courtesy is not gentle. Politeness is a recognized social code of conduct.
Laws are enforced by state power, while rituals are maintained by tradition. Tradition is the accumulated experience of society, and culture is also tradition. In rural society, tradition is more important and effective than modern society. It is blessed to follow, and problems will arise if you don't follow. People have a sense of reverence for tradition, and the implementation of etiquette has developed a sense of personal reverence from enlightenment, which makes people obey it and people voluntarily obey it. The possibility of rule by courtesy must be based on the premise that tradition can effectively deal with life problems. ?
9. No lawsuit.
In rural society, litigators (knife and pencil collectors, modern lawyers) have no status. Parents are in charge of local order, and the ideal means to maintain the order of courtesy is enlightenment, not jailbreaking. Mediation in rural areas is actually an educational process. The power to maintain the rule of etiquette lies not in external power, but in internal conscience, so the rule of etiquette pays more attention to self-cultivation and self-denial.
Under the traditional differential order pattern in China, there is no uniform rule that can be applied to all people, but the current law adopts individual egalitarianism. Judges do not consider moral issues and ethical concepts. He is not educating people, but determining power. Many times, the purpose of litigation is to obtain rules that can be followed in the future. The current judicial system has destroyed the original order of rule by courtesy, but it cannot effectively establish the order of rule by law. ?
10, the politics of inaction.
There is a kind of power called violent power, which is the continuation of the conflict process and the tool of the rulers, and exists in the class struggle. Violent power has attractive economic benefits, and Group A (class, nation and country) wants to use power to rule Group B (class, nation and country) for profit. The premise of its existence is that group B produces more than it consumes. In rural society, the foundation of violence is insufficient, because the surplus of agriculture is shared with the increase of population.
Another kind of power is called consent right, which is based on social contract and consent. The more complicated the social division of labor, the wider the scope of this power. But in rural society, self-sufficiency and limited division of labor. Therefore, the power structure of rural society is nominally autocratic, but from the perspective of people's real life, it is slack and laissez-faire. ?
1 1, the elder rule.
The third special power structure in rural society is neither violent power nor consent power. It occurs in the process of social inheritance (intergenerational replacement), and it is educational power, patriarchal power, that is, elder power. Life is like a journey against the wind, so we must be educated so that he can do whatever he wants under many laws without hitting a wall.
However, the educated have no choice. What he wants to learn, which we call culture, existed before him. (Culture precedes existence) The people who educate them are not * *, but violence, but not necessarily. In short, the process of education is to replace the society to cultivate molecules that conform to a certain cultural way and live a group life.
Educational power is the most obvious in parent-child relationship, but it is not limited to parent-child relationship. All cultural coercion, not political coercion, contains this power. Confucianism wants to form a king with the power of education, and they are never enthusiastic about the order maintained by the power of violence. The expansion of educational power to adult relationship must assume a stable culture, and the importance of seniority principle also shows the importance of educational power.
12, blood relationship and geography.
Kinship refers to the rights and obligations between people and is determined according to kinship. Social status determined by blood does not allow individuals to choose. Blood relationship is a stable force. In a stable society, geography is only the projection of blood relationship, and native place is only the spatial projection of blood relationship. Marginal people living in the community are often denied the rights of an ordinary citizen and are not trusted.
Intimate kinship restricts many social activities, the most important of which is conflict and competition. The unity of close community depends on various elements, all of which owe outstanding human feelings to each other; Competitive business can't exist. Their transactions are maintained by human feelings and are gifts to each other. Geography is a social relationship developed from commerce, a society based on contract, and rationality dominates people's activities, which is lacking in rural society.
13, separation of name and reality.
Besides violent power, consent power and elder power, there is a fourth kind of power, which occurs in the process of fierce social change. When the old social structure can't cope with the new environment, that is, it can't answer people's needs, social change will happen. When social change is slow, the power of elders will be very strong and become very fast, and the power of elders will be reduced accordingly.
Cultural heroes are easy to come into being during the transition period between the old and the new. They put forward the idea of keeping pace with the times to gain trust and create strength, which Fei Xiaotong called the power of keeping pace with the times. The power of the times is the least developed in a stable society. If the speed of social change is slow enough, it is equal to the speed of generation alternation, and there is no conflict between generations, the traditional gradual change can still maintain the power of the elders.
Presbyterian power is based on enlightenment and does not tolerate opposition. Objection diluted by time becomes a comment. It maintains the form of elders and injects changing contents, which leads to the separation of name and reality, hypocrisy becomes inevitable and necessary, and the distance between name and reality increases with the speed of social change. ?
14, from desire to need.
In rural society, people can act according to their desires, but in modern society, desires cannot be used as a guide for people's behavior. Planning because of need is a very important milestone in social change. In rural society, personal desire is in line with human survival conditions. Desire is a cultural fact.
In rural society, the desire cultivated by culture can be used as a guide to behavior, and the result is in line with the conditions of survival, but this seal is unconscious and unplanned. When the society changes rapidly and the original culture cannot effectively bring satisfaction to life, human beings have to infer the relationship between behavior and purpose. This is a rational era, and knowledge has become the power of the times?