Introduction to IgE:

Properties of 1 and IgE

It is mainly synthesized by B cells in lymphoid tissue of respiratory tract and digestive tract, and is the mediating factor of allergic reaction. 1966, Swedish scholar Johansson and Japanese scholar Ishisaka and his wife first isolated IgE from the serum of ragweed allergic patients, and proved that IgE was the medium of allergic reaction. IgE is a kind of cytophilic antibody, and the serum content of normal people is extremely low, ranging from 10 ~ 10000 u/ml. The serum IgE content of allergic patients and parasitic patients was significantly higher than that of normal people.

2. Synthesis of 2.IgE

3. If I am allergic, why should I take antihistamines?

The amount of IgE synthesis is related to the susceptibility of individuals to allergic diseases, and the mechanism of IgE synthesis and regulation is not completely clear. A variety of allergic diseases can often be seen in the same patient, saying that these allergic constitutions are allergic. Compared with normal people, serum IgE is significantly higher, the number of mast cells is more, and there are more IgE receptors on the cell membrane.

Histamine exists in mast cells and also in the mucosa of lung, liver and stomach, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of histamine allergic diseases. Histamine is a chemical transmitter, which participates in many physiological functions in the center and periphery. In the central system, histamine is synthesized by specific nerves and participates in sleep, hormone secretion, body temperature regulation, appetite and memory formation. In the peripheral part, histamine is mainly stored in mast cells and basophils, which can cause obvious itching, tears and runny nose. The receptor that histamine binds to vascular smooth muscle leads to vasodilation and exudation. Histamine can make the trachea of the lung contract smoothly, causing respiratory tract stenosis and even dyspnea. Histamine acting on small intestinal smooth muscle can cause various physiological reactions such as abdominal pain and diarrhea.

In the process of allergic diseases, the main functions of histamine are as follows: 1. Vasodilation and increased exudation; 2. Increase gland secretion; 3. Spastic smooth muscle. In the treatment of allergic diseases, reducing serum allergen-specific IgE reduces histamine release from mast cells and reduces histamine-mediated allergic reactions.

Studies have confirmed that allergic constitution is autosomal dominant inheritance, but different members of the same family may have different allergic diseases; The nature of antigen and the way it enters the body will also affect the synthesis of IgE. Some antigens that enter the human body in the same way will cause a strong allergic reaction, while others will not. Although the exact reason is not clear, it is related to the characteristics of the antigen itself, especially the epitope recognized by T cells. Some drugs, such as penicillin degradation products, worm antigen, wormwood pollen and ragweed pollen, can cause strong IgE allergic reaction. The route of antigen entering the body and the frequency of contact have an influence on antibody production. IgE reaction is easily stimulated by mucosal entry, while IgG production is caused by injection. The more times you are exposed to allergens, the greater the possibility of sensitization.

3. Cytokines regulate the production of IgE

Studies have proved that helper T cells and cytokines produced by them play an important role in regulating the synthesis of IgE. According to the types of cytokines secreted, helper cells are divided into two subgroups: TH 1 and TH2. Cytokines secreted by TH 1 cells mainly participate in cellular immunity and mediate delayed allergic reaction, while cytokines secreted by TH2 cells mainly play a role in antibody formation and allergic reaction. TH 1 and TH2 are regulated by cytokines, IL-4 promotes IgE synthesis, while IFN-γ inhibits IL-4-induced IgE synthesis, indicating that both TH 1 and TH2 cells regulate IgE synthesis. People with allergic constitution may have more allergen-specific T cells that produce IL-4 and can secrete more IL-4. The balance between TH 1 and TH2 or the ratio of IL-4 to IFN-γ is an important determinant of IgE synthesis.

Immunological mechanism of IgE-mediated allergic cough variant asthma in children;

When allergic diseases occur, the immune response in human body will reduce the number of Th 1 cells, and constantly produce a variety of cytokines to promote the immune response to Th2 pathway, forming humoral immune responses, such as the production of IgE and the increase of eosinophils.

Kangminyuan anti-allergic probiotics can reduce allergen-specific IgE antibody.

The efficacy of Kangminyuan anti-allergic probiotics in reducing IgE has been confirmed in human clinical experiments.

1. is helpful to reduce the production of specific IgE antibody in serum and relieve allergic reaction quickly;

2. It is helpful to promote the secretion of IFN-γ by spleen cells and induce correct immune response;

3. It helps to reduce the secretion of cytokine IL-5 related to allergic reaction and reduce allergic recurrence;

4. It is helpful to improve the proliferation of spleen cells, induce TH 1 immunity and regulate allergic constitution.

Supplementing Kangminyuan to strengthen the change of IgE of anti-allergic probiotics can significantly reduce the serum IgE concentration of allergic patients, stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ by immune cells, and reduce the stimulation of allergens to human body, which proves that it has the function of regulating allergic immune system.

Chemokines that reduce inflammatory mediators are also called immune cell hormone secretion. This inflammatory mediator will be secreted in large quantities after inflammation or allergy, so it is also regarded as an important indicator of inflammation and allergic reaction. Supplementing Kangminyuan to strengthen anti-allergic probiotics can significantly reduce the secretion of inflammatory mediators in the blood, reduce asthma and allergic reactions in the respiratory tract to the maximum extent, and have the ability to regulate allergic constitution.

Reducing lung respiratory resistance and strengthening probiotics by Kangminyuan can really improve asthma complicated with allergic rhinitis, especially at night, with the increase of taking time, the effect is better, which greatly improves the quality of life of allergic patients and no longer affects work and study every other day.

Increasing the ratio of TH 1 to Th2 cells and supplementing Kangminyuan to enhance anti-allergic probiotics will help to reduce the secretion of cytokines IL- 4, IL-5, IFN-α and IL- 13 related to allergic reactions, which can directly reduce the activity of TH2 cells. Secondly, it can stimulate spleen cells to increase the secretion of cytokines IL- 10, IL- 12 and IFN-γ, and make T cell immune response tend to Th 1 pathway, which plays an important role in immunomodulation, adjustment of allergic constitution and improvement of allergic symptoms.

Theoretical support for reducing IgE by Kangminyuan antiallergic probiotic strain

1, the effect of Lactobacillus salivarius on cutaneous anaphylaxis is remarkable, and the paper "Lactobacillus salivarius has a better effect on severe atopic dermatitis in children: a double-blind, randomized, effective and safe human clinical trial" was published, and the publication: Pediatric Dermatology 20 1 1 was published, and the strain obtained the patent for antiallergic invention in China;

2. Lactobacillus Grignard has a significant effect on mucosal allergic reaction, and Lactobacillus Epidermis has a significant effect on children with asthma complicated with allergic rhinitis. The publication number is: Pediatric Pulmonary Science 20 10, and the strain has obtained the patent of China's antiallergic invention;

3. Lactobacillus yoelii has significant effects on both types of allergic reactions, and published papers think that Lactobacillus yoelii can regulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, and then regulate allergic reactions. Publication: FEMS Journal of Microbiology 2007; ;

4. To observe the effect of probiotics on allergic rhinitis caused by dermatophagoides farinae, dermatophagoides farinae or dust: Randomized double-blind trial: Source: Indian Pediatrics; The results of 20 13 showed that the consumption of Lactobacillus salivarius significantly improved the allergic symptoms related to eyes and nose in patients with 8 weeks 12 weeks, and children with allergic rhinitis could reduce the frequency of allergic rhinitis and allergic drug use.

In order to improve the comprehensiveness of immune regulation of allergic patients and solve the different effects of diseases and constitutions, Kangminyuan probiotic uses functional strains screened from nearly 200 blood samples. After taking it, the self-improvement effect reaches over 90%, and the effect is more remarkable than that of single bacteria.

Immune mechanism

(a) To observe whether the use of heat-inactivated cells can stimulate the immune system response …

1. Lactobacillus salivarius can stimulate the proliferation of spleen cells and stimulate them to secrete cytokines IL- 10, IL- 12 and IFN-γ.

2. Lactobacillus salivarius can stimulate dendritic cells to mature and induce them to secrete a large amount of IL- 12, thus promoting T cell proliferation (towards TH 1 immune response).

Conclusion: Taking Lactobacillus salivarius PM-A0006 can regulate the immune system and improve allergic symptoms.

(b) Oral administration of Lactobacillus salivarius (Lactobacillus salivarius) inhibits allergic reactions in animal models …

1. Lactobacillus salivarius can reduce the infiltration ratio of eosinophils and alleviate the inflammatory reaction.

2. Lactobacillus salivarius can reduce the production of specific IgE antibody in serum.

3. Lactobacillus salivarius can promote the secretion of IFN-γ by spleen cells.

Conclusion: Lactobacillus salivarius has the potential to treat allergic tracheal diseases.

(3) Randomized double-blind trial of lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis in children.

1. Lactobacillus gasseri A5 can significantly improve lung function and maximum expiratory flow rate PEFR.

2. The asthma symptoms, the clinical score of AR and the symptom score of Kangminyuan probiotics group decreased significantly.

Conclusion: Supplementation of Lactobacillus gasseri A5 can improve respiratory allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis in children.

Reduce IgE

As early as the end of 17 and the beginning of 18, when the earliest microscope was invented, people already knew that there were many microorganisms in the human body, but at that time, people did not realize what role these microorganisms played in the occurrence of various diseases.

Until the end of 19, some scientists put forward the theory of microbial pathogenicity, and they thought that many diseases were caused by microorganisms in the body. After this revolutionary theory was put forward, medical scientists began to identify those microorganisms that can cause fatal diseases, such as bacteria pneumonia and tuberculosis. Doctors have also invented many drugs to try to kill these terrible pathogenic microorganisms.

In this protracted war between human beings and microorganisms, the invention of antibiotics can be said to be a symbol of the great victory of mankind. Since the end of World War II, antibiotics have been widely used all over the world. However, since the 1960s, the incidence of many chronic diseases or diseases caused by other non-pathogenic microorganisms has risen sharply. Allergic asthma is a typical example: there is no evidence that infection with a certain pathogenic microorganism can cause asthma and it is not contagious. However, in recent 40 years, its incidence rate has soared, making it a common and chronic disease with the highest incidence rate among children except respiratory infectious diseases.

Scientists began to pay attention to this strange phenomenon as early as the late 1980s, and many literatures mentioned the rising incidence of asthma and allergies. However, until recently, new discoveries and new theories have made people realize that the abuse of antibiotics is closely related to these diseases, and not all microorganisms can cause diseases. Many facts show that some microorganisms can help enhance immunity and prevent or control diseases that cannot be explained by traditional microbial pathogenic theory.

Probiotics are essential to maintain our health. We even think that some microorganisms in the intestine can be regarded as one of the indispensable "organs" of the human body, and no matter their functions or importance, these microorganisms can be compared with the heart, lungs and kidneys. The most important function of this organ is to let us live in peace with the potentially harmful microorganisms we come into contact with in our daily life. If these microorganisms can't function effectively, human beings can't stay healthy or even survive.

For children with allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, eczema, urticaria and other common chronic allergic diseases, it is very troublesome for children's growth. It is worth mentioning that for allergic diseases in children, in addition to drug treatment, Kang Minyuan's anti-allergic probiotics reduce allergen-specific IgE immunotherapy, emphasize the microecological balance of the human body, and think that the body should be treated as an organic whole when allergic, and not only pay attention to the symptomatic parts. Among the reasons for the increase in the incidence of allergic asthma in children, doctors have realized that "premature use of antibiotics after birth has become one of the important reasons for allergic asthma".

In recent ten years, hormone inhalation has become the main treatment for allergic cough's disease and allergic asthma in children. Although the treatment of inhaled hormone has less side effects and faster effect than systemic hormone allergy, we still find the disadvantages of inhaled hormone. The side effects of long-term inhalation of hormones and the treatment of allergic children are limited to local areas, and the whole allergic reaction system cannot be treated comprehensively. Many scientists not only firmly believe that probiotics can promote health, but also find that anti-allergic probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus salivarius PM-A0006, Lactobacillus Grignard PM-A0005 and Lactobacillus johnsonii PM-A0009 can effectively balance allergic immune response, thus affecting the treatment process of allergic diseases.

Because these safe and natural anti-allergic probiotics-Kangminyuan anti-allergic probiotics can help us to deal with common and difficult allergic diseases such as allergic cough and allergic asthma.

Respiratory allergies are not entirely caused by allergens, but the real culprit is the immune system itself. The immune system of allergic patients cannot correctly identify pollen or dust mites. It recognizes these harmless substances as harmful microorganisms, and then an inappropriate immune response occurs: just like an asthma attack, these symptoms may lead to fatal consequences when they are serious. Study on the Correlation between Allergic Probiotics and Allergic Immune System

In recent years, the mechanism of anti-allergic probiotics regulating immune function and balancing allergic reaction caused by TH2 overreaction has produced a new theory in the field of allergic disease immunology, paving the way for this revolution of anti-allergic probiotics.

Why does it need to reduce IgE to treat allergic diseases? Kangminyuan anti-allergic probiotics reduce allergen-specific IgE and create a new revolution in microbial anti-allergic treatment.

IgE is the only clinical index to diagnose allergy. At present, human immune cells are divided into three categories, namely TH 1, TH2 and Treg. In a healthy state, TH 1 and TH2 will be balanced with each other, and * * * will be regulated by Treg. When Treg has insufficient regulatory capacity or comes into contact with some protein or small molecules (dust mite pollen or seafood, etc. ), TH2 is over-activated, which leads to excessive secretion of TH2 cell hormones, which will help B cells produce more allergic antibody IGE, thus causing allergic symptoms. Kangminyuan anti-allergic probiotics can mainly regulate the secretion of TH2 cytokines due to allergic reaction, thus regulating the balance of immune cell activity, and can regulate TH2 type due to allergic reaction by enhancing TH 1 immune response.

Detection of serum IGE in allergic cough

The in vitro test method based on the serum of allergic patients is called serological test. Other body fluids, such as secretions, exudates and lavage fluid at the inflammatory site, can also be detected by the same experimental method. The main test items are total IgE and specific IgE, namely allergen-specific IgE.

What is total IgE?

IgE, immunoglobulin E, is an immune molecule, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type I allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, eczema and acute and chronic urticaria, so it is the first choice for immunological experimental diagnosis of allergic reactions. Total IgE is a specific examination item for allergic diseases. The increase of IgE level suggests that type I allergic disease is more likely, but it can not be used to judge allergens.

Characteristics of IgE

IgE is the lowest immunoglobulin in serum, only one tenth of IgG concentration in serum. IgE is unstable to heat and is the immunoglobulin with the shortest half-life, only 2.8 days. IgE bound to the cell surface has a slightly longer half-life. From 8 days to 14 days, IgE was synthesized by plasma cells in the lamina propria of mucosa where allergens invaded (nasopharynx, bronchus and gastrointestinal tract). Among all kinds of immunoglobulins, IgE has the lowest synthesis rate and the highest decomposition rate. As a cytophilic antibody, the concentration of IgE in fetal cord blood of allergic people may increase. Detection of cord blood IgE concentration can be used to evaluate the possibility of fetal allergy.

IgE detection method

Total IgE is usually detected by ELISA. Because the concentration of serum IgE is very low, the sensitivity of general enzyme immunoassay is not enough to detect serum IgE. At present, the kit for detecting serum IgE in routine laboratory adopts biotin-avidin amplification ELISA. Different from other immunoglobulins, the IgE concentration units of IgE standards and test results contained in the kit are expressed in u/ml or ku/l instead of Mg/L. ..

Normal value of IgE (reference range):

The serum IgE level is skewed in the normal population, that is, most people are 0 or close to 0, and the higher the IgE level, the fewer people. Therefore, when calculating the average value, the geometric average value should be calculated to reflect its real situation, that is, its distribution can be approximately normal after logarithmic transformation.

The serum IgE level of healthy people is closely related to age, and the IgE level of children and the elderly is lower than that of adults. The serum IgE level of newborns is very low, close to zero. With the increase of age, IgE level is also rising, and it is close to normal level after 5~7 years old. According to the reference range provided by Pharmacia, 1 month < 12KU/L, 1 year.

The serum IgE level of patients with allergic diseases can reach 2000 ~ 8000 ku/L. When the IgE level is higher than 2000KU/L, parasitic infection should be considered.

Sometimes the test results of serum total IgE level are 0 or low in the reference range, which cannot rule out the possibility of allergic diseases, and must be judged by combining clinical manifestations and serum specific IgE test results.

What is specific IgE detection (sIgE)?

The so-called allergen detection does not really detect allergen molecules in blood samples, but indirectly detects specific IgE molecules for a certain allergen. Specific IgE detection is actually to detect allergen-specific IgE, that is, to detect the specific IgE of an allergen in the sample, so as to indirectly judge whether the patient is allergic to an allergen.

Common allergens in the environment include the following categories:

Parasites and microorganisms: all kinds of mites (house dust mites, dermatophagoides farinae, etc. ), various fungi (Penicillium punctatum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, etc. ), cockroaches.

Plant pollen: all kinds of grass pollen (ragweed, humulus, wormwood) and all kinds of tree pollen (mulberry, cypress, phoenix tree, birch, elm, willow, poplar, etc. ).

Animal fur: hair and dander of cats, dogs, horses, pigeons and other animals.