Before the late summer of Shang Tang and the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Shang tribe was a tribe mainly engaged in animal husbandry and flourished in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. When the Shang Dynasty established its rule, its capital was Bo (near Shangqiu, Henan). Later, when I was in Pan Geng, I moved to Yin (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan), so the Shang Dynasty was always called Yin Shang. The sphere of influence of Shang dynasty also greatly exceeded that of Xia dynasty. Archaeologists have discovered a large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Xiaotun Village, Anyang, which shows that the characters in Yin and Shang Dynasties were fully and widely used and developed more maturely. The structure of Chinese characters has basically taken shape in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Through the study of Oracle bone inscriptions, our understanding of Shang Dynasty is more detailed and reliable. Oracle Bone Inscriptions reflects the record of astronomical phenomena in Shang Dynasty and the application of trunk and branch timing method. Agriculture, animal husbandry and aquaculture in Shang Dynasty developed rapidly, especially handicraft industry. The smelting and manufacturing of bronzes were quite mature, and all kinds of commonly used utensils, ritual vessels and wine vessels were very exquisite. The famous Simuwu Dafang Ding, weighing 875 kilograms, is one of the outstanding representatives.
The story of King Wu's attack on Zhou recorded the process of the demise of Shang Dynasty. Ji Fa, the leader of Zhou tribe in Weihe River valley, joined forces with other tribes to crusade against Shang Dynasty. Shang Zhouwang, who ruled Shang Dynasty at that time, was also a tyrant like Xia Jie, which has aroused people's jealousy. In order to fight against King Wu, Zhou Wang armed a large number of slaves, but these slaves defected at the front. In fact, it was a slave uprising, and Zhou Wang burned himself to death in panic. The Shang Dynasty perished and was replaced by the Zhou Dynasty.
Shang Dynasty is the second hereditary dynasty in China history after Xia Dynasty. From Tianyi (Tang) to Zhou (Zhou), the 17 and 3 1 generation kings of * * * experienced nearly 600 years.
According to legend, Shang is a descendant of the family and lives in the lower reaches of the Yellow River with a long history. During the Shun period, the Shang clan produced an outstanding military leader-Qi. Later, the merchants called him Xuan Wang, the ancestor, and composed a ode (Book of Songs, Ode to Shang Dynasty, Xuanniao). After Taikang lost his country, Qi's grandson began to develop to the East. The Book of Songs says: Xiangtu is fierce and cut off from overseas. By the middle of the Xia Dynasty, Qi VI was diligent and drowned (On Mandarin and Lu), and merchants worshipped him in the suburbs. Ghost son Wang Hai, once a cow, developed to Hebei. By the fourteenth generation of Sun and Tang Dynasties, Shang had become a relatively powerful country in the East. "Mandarin Zhou Yuxia" says that the merchants of the King of Qin will flourish for four generations.
Tang is, surnamed Zi, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions is Dayi, which later generations used to call it. He is a highly cultivated business leader and is said to have been imprisoned in a water dungeon. After he was elected as the leader, he saw that the Xia Dynasty was decaying day by day, and the tyranny of the Xia Dynasty had made people leave their relatives and friends, so he set out to establish a new dynasty. First of all, neighboring tribes are United by virtue and strength. Secondly, except for Fang (now Ningling County, Henan Province), Wei (east of hua county, Henan Province), Gu (northeast of Juancheng, Shandong Province) and Kunwu (south of Huaiyang, Henan Province) in the Xia Dynasty, the world is invincible. Finally, attack the capital of Xia Dynasty. The two sides fought in Mingtiao (Fengqiu East, Henan Province) and Shi Xia was defeated. After the extinction, Tang returned to Bo, where he met with governors and formally established the Shang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Shang Tang learned a profound lesson from the demise of the Xia Dynasty, abolished the tyranny of brutally oppressing the people, adopted a policy of leniency to the people, eased the contradictions within the Shang Dynasty, stabilized the political situation, and became increasingly powerful. He conquered many countries around him and won a series of victories. Therefore, "Mencius Teng Wengong" records that Tang has eleven kinds of personalities and is invincible in the world. In the poem Ode to Shang Dynasty, Yanwu also recorded that there was a soup in the past. Since he was a strongman, he dared not enjoy it or be king, which reflected that the Shang Dynasty had become a powerful country under the rule of the Tang Dynasty.
After Shang Tang and Jacky, they have made great contributions in handling government affairs, stabilizing the political situation and developing production. After Zhong Zhong's death, Yi Yin played a particularly prominent role in politics and became an important assistant and elder statesman in Shang Tang's period.
After Shang Tang's death, his son Tai Ding died young, and Tai Ding's younger brother Vaike succeeded him. After the death of Waic, his younger brother Zhong Ren succeeded to the throne; After Ren Zhong's death, Tai Jia, the son of Yiting, succeeded to the throne, and Tai Jia was the eldest grandson of Shang Tang. According to Records of Historical Records and Yin Benji, Emperor Taijia was established for three years, but he was unknown, overbearing, disobedient and chaotic, so Yi Yin put him in Tonggong. Tai Jia lived in Tonggong for three years, repented and blamed himself, and Yi Yin welcomed Tai Jia back to his office. Since then, Tai Jia Xiu De obeyed the law, the vassals surrendered, and people's lives were relatively calm. This story reflects Yi Yin's unremitting efforts to implement Shang Tang's strategy of governing the country and keep the Shang Dynasty in a long-term stability. This story has a long history, so Yi Yin won the reputation of benevolence and righteousness.
According to legend, the ancestor of Shang Dynasty was named Shang (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province) for helping Yu to control water, and was later called his tribe (or tribe) by Shang. When the soup went out, it was still the name of the country. After his descendant Pan Geng moved to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan), he called it Yin, or Yin Shang.
However, the change of merchants and the greedy nature of the ruling class determine that the struggle for power and interests within the royal family is inevitable. It is recorded in Historical Records Yin Benji; Since the middle school, it is more chaotic to set up an apprentice without setting a suitable one, so the vassal is not in the DPRK. From Pan Geng, it shows that during this period, the internal strife of the Shang royal family for the throne continued, which led to the invasion of foreign enemies. During this period, the Shang Dynasty moved the capital several times.
According to documents, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times. According to the chronicles of bamboo books, from Bo to Tao, He moved to Xiang from Tao, Zu Yi lived in Pi, Nangeng moved from Pi to Yan, and Pan Geng moved from Yan, which was called Yin. However, so far, archaeologists have only discovered four capital sites: Erlitou in Yanshi, Zhengzhou Mall, Yanshi Mall and Yinxu in Anyang. These four plots of land are all very large, all of which are more than three or four million square meters. Archaeologists have found important remains of large palaces, tombs and workshops in these four sites, such as the No.1 Palace found in the middle of Erlitou site, with an area of 1 10,000 square meters. Large-scale city walls have been discovered in Yanshi, Luoyang and Zhengzhou. A large-scale sacrificial site was also found in the Yin Ruins in Anyang. From these findings and documents, we can know that the Shang dynasty established a relatively complete state institution, including various officials, standing armies (left, middle and right divisions), laws and regulations, criminal regulations and so on. However, there are still different views on the relationship between these capitals and the names recorded in the literature. Only Yin Ruins in Anyang is the capital of Wang Shi after Pan Geng, and their views are quite consistent.
Historians have different views on the reasons why the capital was moved many times in the history of Shang Dynasty. However, as can be seen from Shangshu Pan Geng, moving the capital is related to internal political struggle. For example, although Pan Geng claimed to move the capital to benefit the people, he threatened to destroy those who didn't listen to his orders, leaving no breeding ground (I would kill them and leave the evil ones in the new town), reflecting the fierce internal struggle. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, it eased the contradictions within the royal family and promoted the social and economic development. Pan Geng is known as the master of "Zhongxing", which laid the foundation for the arrival of Wu Ding's flourishing age.
Wu Ding is Xiao Yi's son, Pan Geng's younger brother and Pan Geng's nephew. When he was young, Xiao Yi invited him to live in the folk for a period of time to understand the hardships of people's lives. After he acceded to the throne, he made great efforts to govern, did not dare to abandon peace, made great efforts to govern, and determined to revitalize the great cause. He went out to crusade against the devil, the earth, Qiang, people, tigers and other countries. The scale of the war is not small, and thousands of troops are often used. The largest one is 13000. In these battles, Zheng served many small countries, expanded his territory and captured a large number of prisoners. Wuding cultural remains are quite rich, including palaces, tombs and workshops. The bronze industry, which represented the development level of social productive forces at that time, made breakthrough progress, such as the appearance of ternary alloy of copper, lead and tin; Separation casting technology has been widely used; The output of bronzes has greatly increased, and there have also been Si Muwu Dafang Ding, and even Fang Yi, Sanlian and other heavy weapons. Wu Ding's achievements in the bronze industry marked that the bronze age in China entered a prosperous period. In addition, great achievements have been made in textiles, medicine, transportation and astronomy. The flourishing age initiated by Wu Ding laid a good foundation for the development of social production in the late Shang Dynasty and even the prosperity of Western Zhou civilization. Fu Hao is one of more than 60 wives of Shang Wang Wuding, and they are Xin, the mother of Zujia. She lived in Wuding during the reorganization of Shang Dynasty in the first half of BC 12, and was the earliest female politician and strategist in China. The first recorded heroine in the history of China.
Sacrificing to heaven and ancestors has a long history in China, and such remains are frequently found in prehistoric archaeology. With the emergence of agriculture, people worship heaven to pray for a good year with good weather. This is a kind of nature worship. Ancestor worship is also called soul worship. From the memory of ancestors, dreams are understood as the souls of ancestors. People offer sacrifices to their ancestors in order to seek their blessings. The situation of "being at home in the world" since the Xia Dynasty has greatly changed the content of primitive religion. Because the emperor is the highest ruler in the world, in order to maintain his rule, he combined ancestor worship with nature worship and created supreme gods such as heaven or god. From the literature, we can know that one day, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the God of Shang Dynasty, discovered by accident in 1899, presented the ancient Chinese characters buried for more than 3,000 years to the world for people to read. The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions made the existence of Shang Dynasty indisputable and the history of Shang Dynasty a history of trust. 150,000 pieces of Oracle bones unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang recorded many things that happened in Shang society. After several generations of collation and research, it reveals its rich contents and opens up an important way for studying the history of Shang Dynasty. There are emperors or gods in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. So, when Shang Tang attacked, he said Xia had committed many crimes and Xia was guilty. I fear God and dare not be dishonest. He played the banner of fate and encouraged the sergeant and allied forces to carry out God's will and fight bravely. But the God in the sky and the Emperor (Shang King) on the earth are opposites. In order to carry out God's will, Xia Di communicated with God through witches. When worshipping ancestors, the Shang king used five kinds of sacrifices to the ancestors after the good ones. Thousands of sacrificial pits were found in the sacrificial site of Yin Ruins in Anyang, and Wuding sacrificed hundreds of people at one time. This situation reflects the importance attached by Shang kings to ancestor worship, because God is both the supreme god and the ancestor god.
After Wu Ding's death, the peace and prosperity he initiated did not last long. After Zujia, especially during the period of Di and Di, domestic contradictions were very sharp, and the southeastern Hou rebelled. Faced with this situation, Di Xin, King of Shang Dynasty, was very brave. He sent troops to Lion and attacked Jiumiao Temple in the south alone, extending the sphere of influence of Shang Dynasty to the East China Sea and the Yangtze River basin. However, his years of campaign greatly consumed the national strength, further intensified the domestic contradictions, and the domestic forces were empty, which made his control over the northwest decline and gave Zhou An an opportunity. When he was here, Zhou began to attack merchants, and the Shang king could only take slaves as an army to hastily resist Zhou people. As a result, Shang Wang's army had no fighting spirit, and former disciples defected one after another. In the first world war, konoha bled, and domestic merchants did their best. Di Xin fled to Lutai and set himself on fire. Shang dynasty is over.