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As we all know, water is the foundation on which all life on earth depends. Water is the origin of life. The earliest life in ancient times was born in the ancient ocean. Even if it lands, water is still the primary condition for life. Even in today's space field, which represents the most advanced technology, the exploration of life in outer space still takes water as the first judgment condition. It can be said that without water, all the beauty created by life will cease to exist. In today's world, with the rapid economic development, we need more water. However, we are facing an unprecedented water crisis.
Among 196 countries in the world, more than 100 countries are short of water, and more than 20 of them are seriously short of water, which shows how critical the situation we are facing. The United Nations predicts that by 2050, more than 2 billion people in the world will be short of water, and 2 1 century will be a century when water is more precious than oil, so it is urgent to protect water resources!
The situation of water resources in China is also not optimistic: China is one of the 13 water-deficient countries in the world, and at present about half of more than 600 cities in China are short of water. The deterioration of water pollution makes the shortage of water resources worse: rivers and lakes in China are generally polluted, and 75% of the lakes in the country are eutrophic to varying degrees; 90% of urban water bodies are seriously polluted, and 60%-70% of the total water shortage in southern cities is caused by water pollution; The national groundwater survey in 1 18 large and medium-sized cities shows that 1 15 urban groundwater is polluted, of which serious pollution accounts for about 40%. Water pollution reduces the use function of water bodies, intensifies the shortage of water resources and has a negative impact on the implementation of China's sustainable development strategy.
Our water resources are being attacked by all kinds of pollution, which seriously damages the ecological environment and affects human survival. To realize the sustainable development of human society, we must first solve the problem of water pollution.
Simple understanding of water pollution
The decrease or loss of the use value of water caused by harmful chemicals is called water pollution. There are two kinds of water pollution: one is natural pollution; The other is man-made pollution. And the latter is the main one. Water pollution can be divided into three categories: chemical pollution, physical contamination and biological pollution. Chemical pollutants can be divided into: inorganic pollutants, inorganic toxic substances, organic toxic substances, aerobic pollutants, plant nutrients, oils and so on; Physical contamination can be divided into suspended matter pollution, radioactive pollution and thermal pollution; Biological pollution mainly refers to the pollution of water bodies by pathogens that cause diseases.
Second, the famous water pollution incident.
Since water pollution is so harmful, is there any evidence? The answer is yes.
Three of the world's top ten famous environmental hazards in history are water pollution! ! ! They are Minamata disease, osteopathy and the Rhine River polluted by toxic substances. The damage caused is huge and lasting, and it has brought great pain to mankind. Three, the concrete analysis of water pollution and countermeasures
There are many kinds of water pollution. How do we prevent and control different kinds of water pollution?
From the perspective of prevention and control, water pollution can be divided into industrial pollution, agricultural pollution and domestic pollution.
1, industrial pollution
Industrial pollution is the main component of water pollution, and controlling industrial pollution plays a key role in the prevention and control of water pollution.
Industrial wastewater is an important pollution source in water areas, which has the characteristics of large quantity, wide area, complex composition, great toxicity and difficult purification and treatment.
Industrial pollutants mainly include heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead, arsenic compounds, cyanide ions and nitrite ions. In addition, there are industrial pollution and thermal pollution.
In view of industrial pollution, it is very important to strengthen management and later water treatment. First of all, we should strengthen the supervision of industrial sewage discharge according to law and deal with enterprises that do not treat sewage strictly. Second, strengthen water treatment research, establish enough sewage treatment plants, and try to reduce the cost of sewage treatment (high sewage treatment cost is the main reason for unqualified sewage discharge). Third, the sewage after industrial treatment can be used for other purposes. As long as the index is qualified, it can be used for urban road cleaning and building cleaning, which is very important for saving water resources.
2. Agricultural pollution
Agricultural pollution sources include livestock manure, pesticides and fertilizers. The content of organic matter, plant nutrients and pathogenic microorganisms in pesticide sewage is high, and the content of pesticides and fertilizers is high.
The relationship between agricultural pollution and agricultural production is very important. In agricultural production in China, there is a huge waste of water resources. This is because most crops in China are irrigated, and the water utilization rate is extremely low. At the same time, farmers in China use a lot of chemical fertilizers, which is also a great waste. This mode of agricultural production leads to a large number of pollutants discharged into water bodies. It mainly causes eutrophication of water bodies, causing freshwater blooms and seawater red tides, endangering the ecological balance of water bodies and hindering economic development.
To control agricultural pollution, it is mainly to improve agricultural production methods, save water by sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation, and send technicians to guide farmers to use chemical fertilizers reasonably.
3. Family pollution
Domestic sewage refers to sewage from families, institutions, commercial and urban public facilities and urban runoff. The composition of domestic sewage is 99% water, the solid impurities are less than 65438 0%, and most of them are non-toxic. Among them, inorganic salts include cyanide, sulfate, phosphate, ammonium salt, nitrite, nitrate and some bicarbonate. Organic substances include cellulose, starch, sugar, fat, protein and urea, as well as various detergents and trace metals such as zinc, copper, chromium, manganese, nickel and lead. Domestic sewage also contains a large number of miscellaneous bacteria, mainly coliforms. In addition, the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in domestic sewage is high, which mainly comes from commercial sewage, urban surface runoff, feces, detergents and so on. Domestic sewage is becoming a huge pollution source. The acceleration of urbanization has led to an unprecedented increase in domestic sewage discharge. It can be seen that the composition of domestic sewage is complex, and the main hazards are eutrophication and hypoxia caused by organic pollutants.
Domestic sewage is closely related to our lifestyle, so it is of great significance to change our lifestyle to reduce the discharge of domestic sewage. What can we do in life? Saving water is a very important aspect, for example, when brushing your teeth, please turn off the tap; Do a lot of water, the water after washing clothes can continue to flush the toilet, and the water for washing rice can continue to water the flowers. Choose environmentally friendly cleaning agents, such as using phosphorus-free washing powder. Four, water pollution prevention and control law
There is no doubt about the seriousness of water pollution. China also has relevant legislation on water pollution to regulate the treatment of water pollution and the discharge of sewage, and punish those who pollute water. China promulgated the People's Republic of China (PRC) Water Pollution Prevention Law to ensure the effective implementation of water pollution prevention.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) abstract
Looking at the earth from the outside, the earth is a beautiful blue planet, and the earth is a water world. However, the earth, which seems to be not short of water, is facing a water crisis. Facts have proved that it is time to act! On the earth, countless people are suffering from water shortage at the moment, and many countries, including China, are suffering from water pollution. Come on, let's go!
Through the writing of this paper, I learned more knowledge outside the textbook, realized the crisis we were facing, and had a stronger sense of mission for the future. I think this is also an important reason for our students to study chemistry: we need all-round talents with a sense of responsibility in the future! I will work hard for this!
Protect water resources,
Articles about saving water and reducing water pollution can be written with reference to the writing format, process and writing skills of this article: broadly speaking, all works that discuss scientific and technological contents are called scientific works, such as original works (papers), briefings, comprehensive reports, progress reports, literature reviews, comments, monographs, compilations, textbooks, popular science books and so on. However, only the original work and its introduction are original, major and primary, involving inventions and other intellectual property rights. Others are of course important, but they are all processed, developed and written for specific application purposes and objects. The following is only about the writing of the paper. When discussing thesis writing, I'm not going to talk about various rules and regulations about manuscript writing. This paper mainly talks about the problems and experiences that are easy to appear in paper writing, which is the standardization of paper writing ethics and writing content.
Thesis writing requirements
The following are described in turn according to the structural order of the paper.
(1) Thesis-Topic A scientific paper has a topic and cannot be "untitled". The topic of the thesis is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, with no subtitle, 1 report and secondary report as far as possible. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks and question marks, and scientific and technological paper topics cannot be written as advertisements or news reports.
(2) Papers-scientific papers signed should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author of the paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of the paper, such as topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data arrangement, induction and summary, writing, etc., and should be the person who can answer the relevant questions of the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. The signature of the paper should be recognized by myself. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as paper authors or general thanks. Administrative leaders generally do not sign their names.
(3) Paper-Introduction is a fascinating statement of the paper, which is very important and should be written well. A good paper introduction can often let readers know the development of your work and its position in this research direction. The basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Use concise words.
(4) Paper-Materials and Methods Experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, experimental design, grouping and statistical methods. These can be done in accordance with the magazine's submission rules.
(5) Paper-The experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and presented logically. We should choose the best from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not make subjective choices because it does not meet our own intentions, let alone resort to deceit. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instrument, technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not allowed to eliminate them at will due to anomalies during summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions at the same time, not just those that are not what we want.
The arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper and can be used for other purposes. Don't cram it into a paper. Articles should use technical terms as much as possible. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it is best not to use charts for those who can use tables, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. Words, tables and charts do not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will.
(VI) Discussion is the key and difficult point of the paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on the achievements and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion of the paper, you can put forward assumptions and ideas about the development of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate, and it should not be written as "science fiction" or "imagination".
(7) Thesis-conclusion or conclusion The conclusion of the thesis should be written with clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use such vague words as "summary".
(8) Paper-Reference: This is a very important and problematic part of the paper. The purpose of listing the references of the thesis is to let readers know the ins and outs of the research proposition of the thesis, to facilitate the search, and to respect the work of predecessors and to have an accurate positioning of their own work. So there are both technical problems and scientific moral problems here.
A paper has references that need to be cited almost from beginning to end. For example, the most important and directly related documents should be cited in the introduction of the paper; In terms of methods, the methods adopted or used for reference should be cited; In the results, it is sometimes necessary to quote data to compare with literature; In the discussion, various supporting or contradictory results or viewpoints related to the paper should be cited.
All careless, do not check the literature; Deliberately not quoting, boasting innovation; Degrade others and raise yourself; It's wrong to pose lightly while avoiding weight. However, this phenomenon still appears from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as a taboo for researchers. Among them, mistakes such as not consulting documents, omitting important documents, deliberately not quoting other people's documents or deliberately belittling other people's work are obvious and easy to find. Some practices are subtle, such as introducing what should be in the introduction and introducing it into the discussion. This will be the basis or forerunner of your thesis, and put it on an equal footing with your thesis. For another example, scientific research always develops in depth, and your work always develops on the basis of previous work. The correct writing should be, what did someone do on this topic in a certain year, and what did someone do on this basis in a certain year? Now I have finished this research on the basis of them. This is an attitude of seeking truth from facts, and this expression will not harm your contribution at all. Some authors don't say this, but say that someone did this problem for a year and didn't do it for a year, and now I have done it. This is not a realistic attitude. This can sometimes fool some laymen who don't know the truth, but only one insider needs to poke it, and the paper tiger will be broken, and the result will be self-defeating and lose credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life.
(9) Papers-The directors, technical assistants, providers of special reagents or equipment, funders and people who have made important suggestions on the thank-you papers belong to the thank-you objects. Paper thanks should be sincere and true, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general, and don't just thank others. Before writing a paper to thank you, you should get the consent of the person being thanked, and you should not pull the banner into a tiger skin.
(10) Paper-abstract or abstract: Briefly summarize the full text of the paper in about 200 words. Always put the first one. The abstract of the paper needs to be carefully written and attractive. Let the reader read the abstract of the paper just like seeing the miniature of the paper, or want to continue reading the relevant parts of the paper after reading the abstract of the paper. In addition, several key words should be given, and the key words should be written in real key academic vocabulary, not in general terms.
It's best to write it yourself = = original, no one has time = =