On the trend of fiscal policy and monetary policy-also on the coordination of fiscal policy and monetary policy.
Fiscal policy and monetary policy are two important policy tools of national macro-control, both of which affect the balance between total supply and total demand in value, thus realizing macro-control. Under the socialist market economy system, how to correctly understand and coordinate these two economic means is a problem worthy of discussion.
Keywords: fiscal policy; Monetary policy; Coordination and cooperation
First, the necessity of coordination between fiscal policy and monetary policy.
First of all, the formulation of fiscal policy and monetary policy lacks the overall concept. The realistic fiscal policy and monetary policy are basically formulated by various departments according to their own analysis and judgment of the economic situation, based on their own economic interests and relying on their own macro-control objectives and mechanisms. There is also a lack of stable communication mechanism between the financial sector and the financial sector, which makes it difficult to accurately grasp the collocation and regulation of the two major policies, and even leads to reverse adjustment and contradiction. Secondly, the ability of financial regulation is weakened, and financial regulation is difficult to support. The proportion of annual fiscal revenue in China is decreasing year by year, which leads to the lack of necessary material basis for fiscal regulation. The sustained development of the financial industry has enriched enough financial resources and undertaken things that do not belong to its own responsibilities. Commercial banks are not only the object of monetary policy regulation, but also the transmitter of monetary policy. Because banks have undertaken things that do not belong to their own responsibilities, the implementation results of monetary policy have deviated from the established goals and even distorted. Third, the functions of finance and banks are misplaced, which affects the coordination of the two policies. For a long time, the relationship between finance and banks is not smooth, which leads to the dislocation of supervision functions and affects the coordination performance. Banks occupy a lot of financial funds, which interferes with the effect of financial regulation. Banks act as financial macro-control functions, especially in maintaining the operation of loss-making enterprises with bank loans and acting as social security functions. Bank credit funds have become the main source of funds for social investment, and banks have assumed the function of aggregate and structural adjustment, but its effect is not significant, and structural contradictions have not been effectively solved, but have become increasingly prominent.
Second, the situation analysis of the coordination of China's fiscal policy and monetary policy at this stage
1. The main effects of moderately tight fiscal and monetary policies. China's economic operation, starting from 1992, implemented a moderately tight fiscal and monetary policy, which was successfully implemented in 1997? Soft landing? Since then, we have further persisted in reform and opening up and intensified structural adjustment. At present, the whole national economy shows a good trend of effective macro-control and remarkable improvement of marketization;
2. The main problems in the current macro-economy. The difficulties of state-owned enterprises are increasing day by day, the benefits are seriously declining and the losses are greatly increasing; The old problems such as high debt of state-owned enterprises, heavy social burden and insufficient long-term technological transformation have not been alleviated, and the proportion of state-owned economy in the whole national economy has been declining. At the same time, the operating rate of enterprises is insufficient, a large number of employees are laid off and unemployed, and the market lacks vitality. Fiscal and monetary policies have little effect on structural adjustment. Moderately tight fiscal policy and monetary policy have not fundamentally solved structural contradictions, one of which is unreasonable industrial structure, low level and serious regional industrial convergence. Negative inflation rate shows that the total demand is insufficient;
3. Fiscal and monetary policies are difficult to regulate and control, and there are deep-seated contradictions in coordination and cooperation. First, financial difficulties. The goal of fiscal policy is achieved by changing the scale and structure of fiscal revenue and expenditure. Therefore, whether the government has the ability to change the scale structure of fiscal revenue and expenditure is the premise and important guarantee for effectively realizing fiscal macro-control policies. Second, the financial situation is not optimistic. The main problems are the decline of bank operating efficiency, outstanding debt problem and deterioration of asset quality, which puts great pressure on the implementation of moderately tight monetary policy. The lack of fixed coordination procedures between fiscal policy and monetary policy leads to irregular coordination between them. On some major issues of economic operation and system reform, fiscal policy and monetary policy are not coordinated enough;
4. The financial disorder is manifested as follows: (1) The basic financial system is not perfect, and enterprises, institutions and grass-roots financial departments themselves use the method of making false accounts to transfer funds from the budget to the extra-budget, and transfer funds from the system to the outside to avoid supervision; (2) The phenomenon of multiple accounts opening is serious, which brings many difficulties to audit and supervision; (3) The relevant system is not strictly standardized, and it is common for governments at all levels to reduce or exempt taxes at will and collect various fees and funds without authorization: (4) The tax-sharing system coexists with the sharing of meals in different stoves, and the tax-sharing system below the provincial level has not really been established, and the financial system from the central government to the township is not perfect; (5) Financial withdrawal management is not strict, and financial subsidy expenditure is increased. At the same time, in sharp contrast to the declining proportion of central fiscal revenue to GDP, the extra-budgetary funds held by governments at all levels have been increasing, and the extra-budgetary funds have exceeded the budgetary revenue and have been out of control for a long time. The credit order is chaotic, and the business relationship of enterprises is chaotic.
Third, the strategic conception of coordination between fiscal policy and monetary policy.
1. standardize the procedures and mechanisms for the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies. Establish a permanent or non-permanent institution that can transcend the interests of the financial and banking departments and formulate macroeconomic policies from the overall situation of the national economy. Its function is to standardize procedures and mechanisms, not only to choose specific cooperation methods according to the respective characteristics and cooperation effects of macroeconomic operation situation and fiscal and monetary policies, but also to adjust policy deviations in time with the changes of economic situation, arbitrate and handle conflicts and contradictions related to the interests of all parties in time, and eliminate frictions between the two sides. Coordinate the relationship between finance and banks, so that fiscal policy and monetary policy conform to the economic operation mechanism;
2. Clarify the focus of fiscal policy and monetary policy. Monetary policy pays attention to the principle of efficiency to maintain economic vitality and high efficiency, while fiscal policy pays attention to the principle of fairness to play its role in stabilizing the economy. Economic development should be both efficient and stable, and the premise of stability is relative fairness. If the institutional framework is established, it can only play the role of fiscal policy, implement macro-control through taxation, national debt, government procurement, transfer payment and other means, and help solve problems such as unemployment, unfair income and income difference of public goods.
3. Strengthen finance and revitalize finance simultaneously. First, continue to promote tax reform, administer taxes according to law, effectively collect and manage taxes, and ensure that all receivables are collected; The second is to standardize government distribution behavior. Without unified finance, there will be no financial revitalization. Government distribution has always been dominated by centralized financial distribution, and the necessary government fees only account for a small proportion. However, China's financial power is extremely scattered, and the distribution of governments at all levels is extremely irregular, which not only disrupts the distribution order, but also damages the national financial resources and weakens the financial capacity. Develop policy banking business, establish normal and stable financing channels for policy banks, ensure the source of funds, and make policy banks an important force to control the total investment and adjust the industrial structure. At present, we should mainly focus on solving the problems of single financing channel and poor performance in fund use of policy banks.
4. Pay attention to coordinating the combination of fiscal policy and monetary policy. A: National debt management policy. National debt is not only an important means to adjust the economy, but also an important combination point to coordinate fiscal policy and monetary policy. According to China's practice, it is still necessary to create conditions to increase the proportion of central bank's national debt assets; Strengthen the asset-liability ratio management and risk management of commercial banks; Improve the national debt market, so as to achieve moderate scale, reasonable structure and market-oriented operation; Accelerate the reform of interest rate marketization and create favorable interest rate conditions for the issuance of fiscal bonds. B: financial investment and financing. First of all, the financial investment and financing policy directly reflects the government's financial intention. Secondly, in the market economy, the investment of banks and enterprises is inevitably driven by the interest mechanism, which makes the investment in infrastructure and basic industries insufficient, and the establishment of financial investment and financing can provide reliable financial guarantee for the development of infrastructure and basic industries, so as to adapt it to the overall development of the national economy. In terms of sources of funds, it should not only include national debt and financial allocation, but also gradually include postal savings deposits and social security fund balances; In the use of funds, we should not only emphasize the macro intention, but also pay attention to the performance and reasonable recovery of funds. C: state-owned enterprises. There are many problems in China's state-owned enterprises, such as excessive social burden, separation of government from enterprise, excessive debt and credit disorder. Some difficulties faced by state-owned enterprises can be solved only by one aspect of fiscal or monetary policies, and more need the coordination of the two policies. Finance and banks should support state-owned enterprises to accelerate the reform of modern enterprise system by using group system, company system and shareholding system, and promote the adjustment of enterprise organizational structure and scale operation.
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