The past 20th century witnessed the rapid development of human science and technology, and also witnessed the rapid development of space technology. For more than half a century, space technology has made great contributions to the development of human society. At the same time, China's space industry has also made brilliant achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. Next, I will review the historical achievements of China's space industry, look forward to its future development, and briefly introduce China's international cooperation in the space field. I. Achievements in China's space industry After 565,438+0 years of development, China's space industry has formed six major capabilities-the ability to enter space, the ability to develop satellites, the ability to carry out manned space flight, the ability to explore deep space, the ability to support space and the ability to apply satellites. 1. Ability to enter space The China Long March launch vehicle has a carrying capacity of 9.5 tons of near-earth orbit and 5.6 tons of synchronous transfer orbit, and can launch most commercial satellites in the world. 1996 Since June, the Long March rocket has been successfully launched for 60 consecutive times. Up to now, the Long March rocket has made 102 flights, sending 87 domestic satellites, 6 spacecraft and 28 foreign commercial satellites into the scheduled orbit. The first 50 launches took 28 years, and the last 50 only took 9 years, all of which were successful. A new round of high-density launch will be ushered in the future. 2. Satellite development and operation capability At present, China has seven satellite series, including communication, remote sensing, resources, navigation and positioning, meteorology, scientific experiments and ocean. Communication satellite: 1984, China's first geostationary orbit test communication satellite Dongfanghong-2 was successfully launched. Since then, we have successively launched Dongfanghong-2 A practical communication satellite and Dongfanghong-3 broadcasting satellite, which have medium communication capability. This year, we successfully developed and launched a large-capacity communication satellite for Nigeria by using the large-scale geostationary orbit satellite platform DFH-4. Dongfanghong-4 platform has a design life of 15 years and an output power of 10.5 kW, which is suitable for large-capacity communication broadcasting and TV direct broadcasting satellites. Its successful development indicates that the development of China satellite has reached a new height. Remote sensing satellites: Since 1980s, we have formed three series of remote sensing satellites: meteorological satellite, resource satellite and ocean satellite. Meteorological satellite: China launched the first FY 1 solar synchronous orbit meteorological satellite in 1980s, and FY-2 geostationary orbit meteorological satellite in 1990s. Both meteorological satellites have achieved stable operational applications and have been included in the operational application satellite sequence by the World Meteorological Organization. -Earth Resources Satellite: In the 1990s, China and Brazil jointly developed the first generation of China-Brazil "Resources 1" satellite, and then we independently developed the second generation of China "Resources II" satellite, which achieved higher time resolution and spatial resolution. These satellites have achieved operational operation and are widely used in various fields of economic construction. -Ocean satellites: In the second1century, we launched two ocean exploration and monitoring satellites, Ocean-1A and Ocean-1B, which were used for Marine pollution detection, sea ice forecast, coastal land feature survey and marine resources exploration. The basic marine information obtained by the two satellites has played an important role in the development of China's marine industry. In terms of recoverable satellites: from 1975 to now, we have successfully launched and recovered five types of 2 1 recoverable satellites. Using recoverable satellites, remote sensing applications such as resource survey, map mapping and geological survey have been carried out, and more than 100 experiments of materials and life sciences in microgravity and space environment have been carried out, as well as crop seed loading experiments for domestic and foreign users. Navigation satellite: Since the 1990s, we have independently developed and built the first generation Beidou regional navigation satellite system by using the dual-star positioning technology with less capital investment. The system has the function of positioning and timing in China and surrounding areas, and can provide regional all-weather navigation and positioning services. Scientific and technological experimental satellites: Over the past 40 years, 10 scientific and technological experimental satellites have been launched successively, forming a series of scientific experimental satellites. These satellites have played an active role in space environment exploration, space science experiments and new technology experiments. Up to now, China has independently developed and launched more than 80 artificial earth satellites. In the future, the number of launches of China spacecraft will be greatly increased, and the technical level will be continuously improved. China successfully launched the first unmanned spacecraft. On June 65438+1October 65438+May, 2003, China Shenzhou 5 spacecraft successfully completed the first manned flight in China, which indicated that China had mastered manned space technology independently. From June 5438+1October 12 to June 5438+07, 2005, two astronauts successfully completed the Shenzhou VI mission, achieving a new leap in which two astronauts directly participated in space science experiments for five days. Shenzhou spaceship adopted a three-cabin, one-section structure, two pairs of solar wings, lift control return and dome parachute recovery scheme. The orbital module of the spacecraft not only has a living module, but also can stay in orbit for several months to carry out space scientific exploration and technical experiments. From Shenzhou II to Shenzhou 5, hundreds of instruments in four orbital modules have carried out Earth observation and space science experiments. The project has formed more than 100 new technologies and methods with independent intellectual property rights. 4. The lunar exploration project with deep space exploration capability is the first step for China to explore deep space. The project is implemented in three stages. In the first stage, Chang 'e 1, a lunar satellite orbiting the moon for 200 kilometers, was launched. Its task is to take three-dimensional photos of the surface of the moon, analyze the distribution of various elements on the moon, detect the thickness of lunar soil, and explore the space environment of the earth and the moon. Chang 'e 1 has entered the stage of launch preparation. It is scheduled to be launched in June 2007 and will be in orbit for one year. After the first phase of the project is completed, the second and third phases will be implemented. 5. Aerospace Foundation and Support Capability —— After 565,438+0 years of development, China Aerospace has strong design capability, manufacturing capability, complete test capability, reliable launch capability and effective measurement and control management capability, and has formed a relatively complete aerospace industrial system —— launch site, and three shooting ranges have been built in Jiuquan, Xichang and Taiyuan. In order to cooperate with the new generation launch vehicle plan, Hainan new launch site is being demonstrated. -In the field of TT&C communication, an aerospace TT&C network covering China, the Pacific Ocean and Africa has been established, which basically meets the TT&C requirements of aerospace activities. -In terms of ground and application systems, China Remote Sensing Satellite Ground Station, National Satellite Meteorological Center, National Satellite Ocean Application Center and China Resources Satellite Application Center have been built. In manned space flight, lunar exploration and other fields, a supporting professional engineering system has also been built. 6. Over the past decades, China's space industry has played an important role in promoting national economic and social development and has formed a wide range of space application capabilities. For example, communication satellites have undertaken the transmission of dozens of TV programs, 30 foreign broadcasts and more than 8,000 satellite phones, which has increased the coverage rate of TV population from 68% to over 90%, and more than 500 large and medium-sized cities across the country have opened long-distance automatic dialing telephones, basically changing the situation that remote areas such as Xinjiang, Qinghai, Yunnan and Guizhou and coastal defense islands are difficult to watch and communicate. The government has solved the blind spots of TV coverage in 65,438+10,000 administrative villages in China by using the "every village" satellite live broadcast platform. Relying on the communication satellite TV broadcasting network to broadcast educational programs, more than 30 million people have received TV education in colleges and universities, and the distance education network has trained more than 2 million college graduates. At present, the number of students in school exceeds160,000. Satellite remote sensing has been widely used in meteorology, geology and mineral resources, surveying and mapping, agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, ocean, environmental protection, regional and urban planning in China. Using satellite remote sensing to predict and evaluate floods, droughts, typhoons, earthquakes, forest fires, pests and diseases, etc. The losses caused by natural disasters will be reduced by tens of billions of yuan every year. China's satellites have carried more than 300 kinds of crop seeds, and more than 50 varieties have been planted and popularized in a large area. The seed yield of space breeding is higher than that of the original variety 10%-20%. Using the special environment of space microgravity, high-quality protein crystals have been obtained, and promising space biopharmaceutical technologies and methods have been mastered. Second, the future development of China's space industry 65438+ Last year 10, the government of China released the white paper "China Space in 2006", which described the development goals and main tasks of China's space industry in the next five years and for a long time. In the future, we will focus on the following five major projects. First, continue to carry out manned spaceflight projects. Focus on breaking through the major key technologies such as astronauts' extravehicular activities and spacecraft rendezvous and docking, and lay the foundation for establishing a manned space laboratory with a certain application scale and long-term on-orbit flight. In 2008, we will launch the Shenzhou VII spacecraft, which will break through the astronauts' extravehicular activities. The second is to implement the lunar exploration project. After the launch of Chang 'e 1, the second and third phases of the lunar exploration project will be implemented, and the lunar soft landing detection will be completed around 20 13; Before 2020, a small sampling return capsule will be launched to collect moon samples and return to Earth for in-depth research. The third is to start the implementation of the high-resolution Earth observation system project. Comprehensive observation of the atmosphere, land and ocean will be carried out at different levels of space-based, near-space and space-based, forming an all-weather, all-day and stable earth observation capability, and high-precision observation can be carried out on specific areas as needed to meet the needs of stereoscopic observation and high-resolution observation. The fourth is to improve the Beidou navigation test satellite system. Independently develop and build a regional navigation and positioning system consisting of 12 satellites to meet the needs of users in China and surrounding areas; On this basis, it is further extended to the global satellite navigation and positioning system composed of more than 30 satellites in different orbits, with high-precision time service and user position reporting capabilities. The fifth is to develop a new generation of non-toxic, pollution-free and high-thrust launch vehicles. The carrying capacity of near-earth orbit was increased from 9.5 tons to 25 tons, and that of synchronous transfer orbit was increased from 5.6 tons to 14 tons. The new rocket is expected to be put into use around 20 13. 3. It is the aim of China's space development to actively promote international cooperation, contribute to the maintenance of world peace, and use outer space peacefully for the benefit of all mankind. Adhering to the principle of "equality and mutual benefit, peaceful utilization and common development" is the principle of our space cooperation. At present, China has established good space cooperation relations with dozens of countries and international organizations, such as Russian Federation and European Space Agency, and has successively carried out extensive space cooperation with more than 60 countries and organizations in various forms such as bilateral, regional, multilateral and commercial services. For example, China successfully launched 28 satellites for foreign customers; China and Brazil have successfully developed China-Pakistan resource satellites; China participated in the Galileo navigation satellite project in Europe, and successfully implemented the double-star exploration project with Europe. This year, the China Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency signed a cooperation agreement on Mars exploration between China and Russia. We have also developed and launched a large-capacity communication satellite for Nigeria. As an important space country, China has joined many international space organizations and played an important role in outer space affairs of the United Nations and related organizations. Conclusion In the past 50 years, China's space industry has made remarkable achievements. In the next fifteen years, China's space industry will face more challenges and rare opportunities for development, and China's space industry will enter a new period of faster development. Space belongs to human beings, and space needs cooperation. We are willing to work with other countries in the world to promote international cooperation in the space field and contribute to the peaceful use of space for mankind!