Victor? Victor hugo (L802 ~ 1885) is one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature and the leader of the French romantic movement.

His life almost spanned the whole19th century, and his literary career lasted for 60 years, with enduring creation. His romantic novels are wonderful and moving, vigorous and powerful, and have permanent charm for readers.

Hugo 1802 was born in Besancon in the south of France. My grandfather was a carpenter and my father was an American army officer. He was once killed by Napoleon's brother, King Joseph of Spain. Bonaparte was awarded the rank of general and was trusted by the king.

Hugo is very talented and smart. At the age of 9, he began to write poems. Go back to Paris to study at the age of 65,438+00. After graduating from high school, he entered law school, but his interest was writing. /kloc-when he was 0/5 years old, he wrote Reading Music at the French Academy, which was rewarded by the French Academy. 17 years old, won the first prize of "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition". At the age of 20, he published a collection of poems, Poetry and Fu. Later, he was disappointed with the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a pacifist. He also wrote many poems, plays and plays.

He created a large number of novels with distinctive features and practiced his thoughts. 1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface.

Although the script was not performed, the preface was regarded as a declaration of French romanticism and an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It greatly promoted the development of French romantic literature.

From 65438 to 0830, Hugo's play Onani was staged in the Grand Theatre of the French Academy, which had a great influence and established the leading position of romanticism in French literature. Onani tells the story of a robber from Spain, Onani, who rebelled against the king in the16th century. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and aristocratic temperament, showing a strong anti-feudal tendency.

1830 In July, the "July Revolution" occurred in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, the revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn the heroes who died in the street fighting.

Notre Dame de Paris, published in 183 1, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel is bizarre, tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.

The story happened in the Middle Ages. On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsy artists performed songs and dances in the square. A gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by. She dances beautifully.

At this time, the vice bishop of Notre Dame de Paris Claude? Frollo suddenly fell in love with the beautiful Melada, and he fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell ringer, ugly quasimodo, to take Esmeralda away.

As a result, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow and arrow, saved Esmeralda and captured quasimodo. He took the bell ringer to the square and whipped him. The kind gypsy girl gave quasimodo water instead of revenge.

The bell ringer is ugly in appearance, but pure and noble in heart. He was very grateful to Esmeralda and fell in love with her. Naive Esmeralda fell in love with Fabi at first sight. When they were dating, frollo followed them quietly. Out of jealousy, he stabbed Fabi with a knife and ran away.

Hermes Rada was sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo took Esmeralda from the gallows and hid him in Notre Dame. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten gypsy girls to satisfy his lust. After being rejected, he handed her over to the king's army, and the innocent girl was hanged.

Quasimodo angrily pushed frollo out of the church and died. He hugged Esmeralda's body and died. The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for feudalism and the church, and also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.

After the "July Revolution", France established the financier Louis? The July dynasty was ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by Philip. The July dynasty kept wooing Hugo, and Hugo was elected to the French Academy on 184 1, and on 1845, Louis? Philip made him a French aristocrat and became a member of the House of Lords.

Hugo's enthusiasm for struggle in creation has weakened. 1843, he wrote a mysterious play "garrison officer", which was booed by the audience and failed. Hugo was silent for nearly 10 years without writing.

1848 In June, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July Dynasty and established the Republic of China. Hugo didn't understand the revolution at first, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to dissolve the country, Hugo became a staunch pacifist.

185 1 year 65438+ February, Louis? Bonaparte staged a coup, and Hugo took part in the anti-coup uprising organized by * * * and party member. Louis? After Bonaparte came to power, the Second Empire of France was established.

He pursued a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was persecuted and had to go into exile.

During his exile, Hugo persisted in his struggle with Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. He wrote political satirical pamphlets and poems and lashed out at Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's dictatorship. During this period, he published the novels Les Miserables, Marine Laborers and Smiling Man.

Les Miserables is Hugo's masterpiece. The plot of the novel is roughly like this: Jean Valjean, a poor worker from a peasant background, once saw his sister's child crying with hunger and went to steal bread. Unfortunately, he was caught and sentenced to five years in prison.

He escaped from prison many times, was arrested and sentenced to 14 years in prison. As a result, he spent 19 years in prison for a piece of bread. After he got out of prison, Jean Valjean was looked down upon everywhere, with no job and no food. He vowed to take revenge on society.

At this time, a bishop named milian influenced him, and he was determined to do good deeds and be a good person. He changed his name to Madeleine, set up a factory in a city and became a rich man.

He provides jobs for the poor and gives them food and houses. He was always ready to help others and was elected mayor by the citizens. At this time, a girl named Shan Ting came to the city. She is a rural girl who went to work in the city and was cheated into giving birth to a daughter.

She put her daughter Cosette in foster care with the owner of a hotel. The boss is a villain and took the opportunity to blackmail her. Mountain was forced to sell her beautiful hair and teeth and sell herself as a prostitute. Finally, she was down and out, dying. When Jean Valjean heard this, he immediately took care of her and promised to raise his daughter Cosette after her death. At this time, the police Javert was chasing Jean Valjean, a convict who had been missing for many years.

2. Seeking: the literary common sense, main plot and characters, and main ideological writing characteristics of Notre Dame de Paris.

The full name of Notre Dame de Paris is Notre Dame de Paris-1482, published in 183 1. This is a Scott-style historical novel and a masterpiece of French romantic novels. The novel is set in France under Louis Xi in15th century, with Notre Dame as the main scene, and describes the complicated and bizarre story between the three main characters of gypsy woman Esmeralda, Notre Dame and Claude, the vice bishop. At the beginning of the novel, the concept of "fate" or "day" was put forward, which made the beautiful and pure Esmeralda, the ugly and kind quasimodo and the evil and complicated Claude interpret a very tragic story under the arrangement of fate, reflecting the author's pessimism. Hugo has studied the historical background of the novel for a long time, but the plot of the novel is the product of the author's imagination. Notre Dame de Paris embodies the principle of "contrast between beauty and ugliness" advocated by Hugo everywhere. The characters and events in the book, even if they come from real life, have been greatly exaggerated and strengthened. Under the writer's rich colors, they formed a gorgeous and strange picture, formed a bright and even incredible contrast between good and evil, beauty and ugliness, and practiced the principle of combining sublimity with absurdity.

In the novel, besides the bell ringer quasimodo and Bishop Claude, there are also the poet Gan Guo Wa and the cavalry captain Phobos, who respectively represent a typical example. Of the four people, Claude is the one with real depth. On the surface, this figure belongs to the sinner who should be condemned. As an assistant bishop, he lived a austere spiritual life, but his heart yearned for lewd enjoyment and was full of jealousy for worldly enjoyment. The more he realized that he had lost people's joy, the more he hated the world and everything. He incited religious fanaticism, created superstition, spread prejudice against Bohemians, and colluded with royal prosecutors to harm the people. This character is a representative of religious hypocrisy and the evil forces of the church. However, from a deeper perspective, the author regards this character as a sinner and a victim of medieval asceticism. Esmeralda was destroyed by the body, and Claude was destroyed by the soul first and then by the body. But in the face of beautiful Esmeralda, who loves him more deeply and strongly? He can't get this love, he doesn't know love! Does the author want to accuse religious asceticism against humanity through this character?

In Notre Dame de Paris, the author describes the underclass, vagrants and beggars in Paris with great sympathy. They are ragged and rude, but in their "society", they can find the spirit of mutual assistance, friendship, integrity, courage and self-sacrifice that is rare in the upper class, which is in sharp contrast with the upper class ruled by Louis Xi. The scene in the novel in which Paris tramps attack Notre Dame to save Esmeralda is generous, tragic and thrilling. Hugo predicted through the characters in the book that the people would rise up and destroy the Bastille, alluding to the outbreak of the 1789 Great Revolution. The description here is actually an echo of the July Revolution, showing Hugo's great talent in describing historical scenes.

3. Literary knowledge of burial words

1. Excellent dialectical funeral speech, its content is nothing more than describing the life of the deceased, evaluating the merits and demerits of the deceased, and pinning people's grief, even Engels' speech at Marx's grave.

Of course, Hugo also did this in this speech. He spoke highly of Balzac's great contribution to the field of human spirit-this contribution has gone beyond the scope of literature and entered the fields of thought, history and politics. In the high evaluation of Balzac, readers can clearly feel that the burial words contain the author's deep mourning for Balzac.

Reading this essay, we seem to be standing in front of Lachez's cemetery, listening to Hugo's deep and passionate speech, without even noticing the drizzle. However, after seeing the general characteristics of this funeral, we also clearly felt the existence of another force besides sadness and disappointment, that is, sublimity and excitement.

This other strength is what we feel from the author Hugo after reading this funeral speech. The great orator's gorgeous and rich literary talent, profound and broad thoughts, lofty and brilliant personality were presented to others in this speech.

We suspect that the purpose of Hugo's speech is only to praise Balzac's works, thoughts and personality and express his sincere admiration and admiration. However, his speech left the audience with the author's noble personality.

This was originally intended to show respect for others, but it inadvertently won more people's respect for themselves. The first nine paragraphs of the text mainly evaluate the deceased and express condolences. From these sad and profound sentences, we can vaguely feel the author's writing style, thoughts and personality.

After the tenth paragraph, it is very different from the general funeral words. Although it is still to evaluate and mourn Balzac, the author has a strong and very independent ideology. The author is not so much evaluating Balzac as expressing his view of life and death through Balzac's death. "Death is great equality and great freedom", "anyone is a genius before he dies, and it is impossible not to become a soul" and so on. Mainly the last three paragraphs, reflecting the author's noble personality; Mainly these three paragraphs, the author's sincerity, sincerity and true feelings have given readers great appeal.

2. Poetic and Philosophical Language This funeral poem is gorgeous in style, full of philosophy, highly concentrated in language, both poetic and philosophical, which fully embodies Hugo's literary language talent and ideological depth. There are profound and profound sentences in the works, which are of great capacity.

It is worthy of careful taste and repeated interpretation. This is also a difficult job. In teaching, teachers should try their best to help students feel and understand ideological content.

Choose several key sentences in the text and try to explain them. (1) For us, all fiction has disappeared.

Focus on the word "fiction". There may be two meanings here. First, Balzac's death shows that his creative life is over, and he can no longer create a "fictional" world for people; Second, Balzac's death is true, not that he is making up a novel.

In this sentence, Hugo sadly announced the death of the literary master, reminding people to face this great death. (2) Just as in the development of civilization, there is a law that leads to the emergence of spiritual rulers after military rulers.

On the surface, this sentence reveals a law in social development, that is, in every era of great change, military rulers appear first, and then spiritual rulers appear. The author actually praises Balzac here and regards him as a greater spiritual ruler than the military ruler.

This confirms the meaning of the first sentence of this paragraph. Balzac, as a spiritual ruler, belongs not only to this era, but also to later generations. A masterpiece called Comedy is actually called History ... Hugo regards Balzac's Human Comedy as a book and compares it to a historical work.

Hugo spoke highly of the realistic spirit of human comedy here, thinking that it is a condensed history, from which people can see the "trend of the whole modern civilization" and the "reality" revealed by the author. This is the first original opinion put forward in Balzac's research, which inspired Engels' comments on Balzac.

Engels in "To the Horse? Hakenas's letter said: "Balzac ... provided us with the outstanding realistic history of French society, especially the upper class in Paris ... Around this central painting, he collected all the history of French society ..." It can be seen that Hugo spoke highly of the realistic spirit of Balzac's works. (4) Books that are both observation and imagination are full of truth, kindness, simplicity, triviality and vulgarity.

But sometimes by tearing the surface suddenly and fully revealing the reality of the shape, people can immediately see the darkest and most tragic ideal. Balzac uses his genius observation and imagination to tear apart the reality and show it to people, so that people can see the true face of society and express the author's own social ideal.

(5) The great men built a pedestal for themselves, and they will shoulder the responsibility of placing statues in the future. Balzac, a great man, laid a solid foundation for himself with his own works. People in the future will definitely give him a tangible and intangible statue to show respect and memory.

(6) His life is short, but it is also full, and his works last for more than ten thousand years. This is poetic language.

First of all, we should pay attention to the contrast between "short" and "full", which means that Balzac's life is not long, but he has many works; Pay attention to the word "enrichment" again, which means that Balzac's life is enriched, not empty, so the evaluation is more vivid, indicating that Balzac's life and life are enriched, and a lot of work he has done is beneficial to mankind; Finally, pay attention to the sentence "works are more than years". Compared with 2000, "works" are unexpected, and works can be calculated. How to calculate the number of years? In days? In "years"? This writing is a unique evaluation of Balzac, but also a lofty evaluation of Balzac. .