Tao Yuanming's poem about outlook on life is 1. Tao Yuanming's life ideal is imminent from his poems.
I. Life background of Tao Yuanming and artistic features of his poems (I) Life background: Tao Yuanming (356-427 AD), also known as Tao Qian and Ziting, was an idyllic poet at the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
According to historical records, Liu Dong Town, dongzhi county, belonged to Xunyang Chaisang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (now belonging to Jiujiang pengze county). Tao Yuanming worked as a county magistrate in Pengze and often went to Liu Dong to plant chrysanthemums. Leaving a long story, future generations will admire Mr. Wang and build a shrine to worship him.
Tao Yuanming was born in a bureaucratic family for generations, and later became a founding father. He had expected to make progress in his official career and make a difference in politics. But at the same time, the literati in the Eastern Jin Dynasty generally advocated seclusion and pursued spiritual freedom, which also left a profound influence on him.
He embarked on the road of life with two contradictory wishes. At the beginning, the former desire dominated.
But at that time, it was a turbulent era: the struggle within the imperial clan and the warlord's ambition for the regime constantly caused bloody killings and even fierce battles. This kind of social unrest not only brings disaster to the people, but also causes serious anxiety in the upper class of society.
This made Tao Yuanming's political ambition have to be reduced. In addition, in this power struggle, all dirty and bloody plots are under the guise of lofty morality, which makes Tao Yuanming, who is really pure in nature, unbearable.
In the end, the long-cherished wish of "loving Qiushan" overwhelmed the ambition of "fleeing the four seas". He started his career and his heart was in the countryside.
Therefore, his seclusion was actually the result that his thoughts could not be reconciled with the reality at that time. (2) Artistic features of poetry: Tao Yuanming has made great achievements in many aspects such as poetry, prose and ci-fu, but it is poetry that has the greatest influence on later generations.
In poetry, the most representative is pastoral poetry. The artistic charm of this pastoral poem lies not so much in its true portrayal of rural life as in its sustenance of Tao Yuanming's ideal of life.
Pastoral has been highly purified and beautified by the means of poetry construction, and has become a spiritual refuge in the painful world. 1. the unity of plain and mellow beauty: it is good for predecessors to summarize the style of Tao poetry with plain.
It is difficult for us to find strange images, exaggerated techniques, gorgeous rhetoric and even adjectives in Tao's poems. Everything is honest and simple.
But if it is just plain, it will not produce strong artistic charm. The advantage of Tao poetry lies in its plain appearance, which contains fiery thoughts and feelings and rich flavor of life.
This is just like Tao Yuanming's character. Therefore, reading is meaningful, and the more you read, the more beautiful you are.
Try to read a passage in the poem "Encouraging Agriculture": I am calling for voice, and I am afraid of the original land. Flowers and trees are flourishing, and the wind is clear and the gas is positive.
Both men and women are competing with the times. Mulberry girls have fun at night, and farmers stay in the wild.
A peaceful agricultural map presented here is actually the result of beautifying the closed and self-sufficient rural areas in China. The poem "Returning to the Garden" has a long reputation and has similar characteristics: it is not suitable for vulgar rhyme, and nature loves autumn mountains.
I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past.
I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages.
Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village.
Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely.
Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today. This poem is about a year after Peng was dismissed from his post and returned to his hometown, expressing his joy of returning home.
In the middle of the scenery, the following four sentences of "Fang Zhai" outline the simplicity and beauty of their residence with simple pen and ink; "It's warm in a distant village, and there is smoke in a market in Iraq", and the sight turns to the distance, which makes the whole picture present a leisurely, empty, quiet and peaceful charm. The author takes this as the opposite of the dirty and noisy officialdom-the so-called "cage"-to express his social ideal and life concept.
"Nature" ending with "return to nature" refers to both natural environment and natural life. As a part of natural life, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also wrote about agricultural labor; During his retirement, he also participated in farming.
What is the significance of his manual labor in his economic life? About is very limited, even, perhaps is dispensable. The practical significance of this farming is that it embodies a belief of Tao Yuanming.
"Geng Xunian's September Harvest of Early Rice in Westfield" begins with: "Life belongs to the Tao, and food and clothing are solid. I don't want to camp, but I want to be safe! " Self-cultivation and self-reliance are ideal social and personal lifestyles.
Although the poet can't actually do this, he tried, which is remarkable. At the same time, he said, "Isn't Tian Jia bitter? It is difficult to resign.
Four-body sincerity is fatigue, and ordinary people are no different from doing it. Wash under the eaves, fight for wine and splash your face. "
Here, I wrote about the hardships of manual labor and the psychological peace and happiness it brought. Among similar poems, the most beautiful artistic conception is "Returning to the Garden" (III): beans are planted at the foot of Nanshan, the grass is full of beans, and the seedlings are sparse.
Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night. The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes.
It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will. The last two sentences once again show that Tao Yuanming's writing about rural life and physical labor is actually singing his own ideals and showing the joy of realizing them.
The above mainly analyzes the social ideal reflected in Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems, as well as his thoughts on personal life style in society. In addition, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems also involve the question that literature has been focusing on since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty: What is the meaning and value of life? How can life be liberated? In this regard, we first see that Tao Yuanming is more anxious about the fact that life is short than anyone in his contemporaries.
There are only over a hundred of his poems, but dozens of them mention "old" and "dead". However, in philosophy, he has an open-minded explanation, which is most clearly expressed in the group poem "Form, Shadow and Spirit".
The poet borrowed the dialogue style of ci and fu, which made Xing put forward the attitude of drinking and forgetting everything (which is close to 19 ancient poems), so that he should emphasize the pursuit of achievement and make a name for himself (which is close to Jian 'an literature). In fact, both of them are hard for Tao Yuanming to give up, but as the final philosophical conclusion, he denied them in the third book "Analysis of God", thinking that daily drunkenness hurts life, which is just an external pursuit and meaningless. It should be: "The waves are getting bigger and bigger. I don't like them and I'm not afraid."
I've done what I have to do, don't worry about it. "That is, naturalized and unintentional.
2. On Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems and outlook on life.
Therefore, Tao Yuanming's pastoral poetry is not only the expansion of the field of poetry theme, nor is it to put down the shelf of a literate person to communicate with the villagers, but it embodies the characteristics of a literate person-real farmers will not regard facing the loess as a kind of enjoyment. The countryside in Tao Yuanming's eyes is no longer the life circle of Confucius disciples, swordsman, elegant family, farmer and wild old man in Qing Tan Jacques's eyes. In his eyes, the countryside is already a beautiful countryside that filters out the desolation and ruins brought by war, the hardships of ploughing and hoeing, simple food and poverty in plain clothes, and shabby clothes.
I want to open up wasteland in Minamino and keep my humility to the fields. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages.
Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village.
Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely.
What a beautiful scenery! Pastoral life has become a simple and practical poetic life. Only this kind of psychological construction can make him resolutely get out of the physical comfort and mental suffocation of being an official (a form of "being locked in a cage for a long time" and "serving with the heart") and devote himself to the hardships and hardships in the countryside ("planting beans at the foot of Nanshan, the grass is full of beans and seedlings are sparse"). In the morning, I will treat the waste and take Yuelian home. ") and the spirit is happy ("return to nature ",of course, the nature here is already natural in the aesthetic sense, as the article says).
Third, the significance of literature to Tao Yuanming.
Tao Yuanming lives in reading and writing. Literature is of great significance to Tao Yuanming's life. Since Tao Yuanming, literary aesthetics, as a way of individual spiritual peace and detachment, has had a far-reaching impact on later literati. In the biography of Mr. May 6th, there is a saying, "Quiet and quiet, don't envy Li Rong." Good at reading, not asking for answers, forgetting to eat every time I know something. ..... I often amuse myself by writing articles, which shows my ambition. Regardless of gains and losses, die because of it. ..... The phrase "I write poetry seriously to enjoy my ambition" appropriately and skillfully reflects the characteristics of literary consciousness of the times, and also touches the literary heartstrings of later literati.
Tao Yuanming didn't want to suffer from the prison again, so he went to be an official and retired to the countryside. If the pursuit of purity, simplicity, truth-seeking, truth-seeking, integration into nature and integration into the countryside is enough to meet the spiritual needs, then the education of children will be much simpler and can be led by the nose by the most natural and primitive lifestyle. However, Tao Yuanming is not so detached, and the education of his children is bothering him. Look at the poem "Responsibility": "White hair is around the temples, and the skin is not solid. /kloc-there are five men at the age of 0/8, and writing is always bad. Shu is twenty-eight years old, lazy and horseless. A Xing Xuan Tzu Chi scholar, not Wen Shu. Duan Yong is thirteen years old. I don't know if he is six or seven. Tung trees are nine years old, but they look for pears and chestnuts. If the sky is so lucky, it will be in the cup. "
Because of its simplicity, it is not a rejection of knowledge, but his "true meaning" and "modesty" have undergone aesthetic processing. Therefore, a literary life is Tao Yuanming's chicken soup for the soul. From this, it is not difficult for us to understand why Tao Yuanming is so annoyed that his son doesn't like reading. Because reading and writing has become a way of life in Tao Yuanming. He doesn't want his children to be really "stupid". Of course, he also wants his children to understand aesthetics.
Tao Yuanming's aesthetic attitude towards life has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Great poets such as Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi can find the shadow of Tao Yuanming, while Su Shi is an admirer of Tao Yuanming and a typical example of living with an aesthetic attitude. Su Shi even regarded himself as an aesthetic object, and his unfortunate experience of being constantly relegated became rich literary material in his works, which he was willing to take as a topic. We understand Tao Yuanming's life from an aesthetic point of view, so as to deepen our understanding of the aesthetic function of literature and facilitate aesthetic education and literature education for middle school students.
3. Poems reflecting Tao Yuanming's integrity.
First, Tao Yuanming was the greatest recluse pastoral poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
China ancient writers can show their individuality in their works, and Qu Yuan will be regarded as Tao Qian in the future. Prince Liang and Prince Zhaoming especially appreciated his works and made biographies for him. The preface said: "His articles are unconventional, brilliant in rhetoric, ups and downs, varied, cheerful and introverted, and not ashamed. He has gone straight to Beijing. He can talk about current affairs, but he is broad and true.
"I have always appreciated Yuan Ming's efforts and literary talent, so I like to study his works and styles, especially his poems. Even Su Shi admired him deeply. He said: "Yuan Ming wrote few poems, but his poems are qualitative, realistic and full of success. Starting with Cao (Zhi), Liu (Zhen), Bao (Zhao), Xie (Lingyun), Li (Bai) and Du (Fu), it is all beyond our reach.
On the number of poems, we should start with the "seven poets in Jian 'an", but after reading their poems, we can only see the "seven poets' poetic style", and it is difficult to see which one is. I think Ruan Ji and Tao Yuanming are the only poets before the Tang Dynasty who can really find the author's personality in their works, and Tao's poems are especially crisp and vivid, with really ancient meanings. Therefore, among the 130 writers selected by Zhao Mingming, I chose Tao Yuanming to discuss them.
Second, the life story of Tao Yuanming, who was cheerful and renamed Qian in the Song Dynasty. Sang Zi (now southwest of Jiujiang, Jiangxi) was born in Xunyang, 365-427. He is the great-grandson of Tao Kan, a famous Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Tao Kan served as the governor of eight states, established Changsha County, and granted Fu posthumously after his death. Grandfather Mao was the satrap of Wuchang and his father was the satrap of Zicheng. They are indifferent to fame and fortune and live a clean life.
His mother is the fourth daughter of Mr. Meng Jia, commander-in-chief of Huan Wen, the general of the Western Expedition. Jia was a famous Neo-Confucianist at that time, with excellent articles and broad mind.
This family environment has a great influence on Tao Qian's life. Yuan Ming's life can be divided into three periods: youth, official travel and seclusion. The specific description is as follows: youth: from Ren Shen in the second year of Xian 'an in Jin Dynasty to Tai Yuan in the 21st year of Emperor Xiaowu in Jin Dynasty (from birth to twenty-five years old), there is a famous saying that "there is little interest, he is knowledgeable and literate, and his talent is outstanding, and Ren Zhen is complacent."
We can also get a glimpse of his experience and personality from his poems. ? Quiet and demure, don't admire Li Rong (biography of Mr. It's natural in nature, and it's not obtained through correction (back word)? Less and poor, every family is bad, things are transformed (such as scarcity and Yan Zi)? Be good at reading, not seeking very understanding (biography of Mr. Wu Liu)? Liang Qichao said that he was a very enthusiastic and brave man.
Miscellaneous poem: "When I was young, I was happy but not happy. I am eager to escape from this world. I am Philip Burkart.
"< 2 > official tour period: from Bing Shen in the 21st year of Taiyuan in Jin Dynasty to Yi Si in the first year of Yixi in Eastern Jin Dynasty (aged 25-34), he said in his miscellaneous poems:" Ten years have passed, and he was temporarily detained. In the past ten years, Yuan Ming has served four times, the first three times as an aide and the last time as a county magistrate.
Jiangzhou Wine Festival: Prince Yuanming of Zhaoming told him: "When he was poor in his hometown, he began to offer wine sacrifices to the country, which made him unbearable to be an official and returned to China in a few days." He left his job soon and lived in seclusion for four or five years. The state government asked him to be the principal book, but he refused to take office, preferring to work in his hometown and pay for it himself. The real army joined the army: the Boxer Rebellion in Longan for four years, and Yuan Ming joined the army at the age of 29.
Drinking poem: "Who made this trip? Seems to be driven by hunger. When Jianwei joined the army: in March, he went to Qianxi to be the ambassador of Jianwei: "It is not easy to be controlled in one form.
Dream in the garden, and live for a long time. "Penzer order period: Iraq has been in the first year, Yuan acceded to the throne in August next year, and it will be free in November.
< 3 > Seclusion period: Ding Mao (34 to 56 years old) from the third year of Yixi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the fourth year of Yuan Jia in the Song Dynasty. Since the age of 46, Yuan Mingjia has experienced fire, wind, flood and insect disasters. His health is gradually weakening, especially the two or three years after Yuan Jia's two years, which can be said to be the most difficult period in his life.
Poverty has honed his natural qualities to the extreme, making him fearless and unhurried about the coming death. Knowing that he was going to die soon, he wrote three elegies and one self-sacrifice as his final confession.
Tao Yuanming's attitude towards life is indifferent, carefree, indisputable and Ren Zhen. On the surface, his feelings seem to be faint and calm. In fact, he is a typical emotional figure. Liang Qichao said that he was "the most affectionate person". His hobbies are: loving grapes, drinking, playing harpsichord, and willing to plow crops. Third, the background of the times The Jin Dynasty was a period when Buddhism prevailed, and the literati became detached from the world, so Tao Qian produced Buddhist thoughts.
His personality, between Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, has been dissolved by himself, using French at that time, which led to his unique thought, that is, he was extremely secular and did not pay attention to the future. The most subtle thing revealed in his works is drinking alone in the rain: "The skeleton is long gone, so what can I say?" Yuan Ming's own thoughts, coupled with the political and social influence at that time, made him develop a natural, secular and lonely character.
Because the Jin Dynasty was an aristocratic society and politics was aristocratic politics, only nobles had the opportunity to be big officials, otherwise they would always be small officials. He has been an assistant on and off for ten years. Thanks to his uncle, Tao Kui, his political status is negligible, and he is cited as a small town. But there were frequent wars at that time, and he didn't want to be an official. Coupled with the turmoil of the current situation, he decided to be Peng. And he, a person with Geng Jie's personality, "can't bow down for a bucket of rice, let alone a village villain (Song Shu lives in seclusion)" (honest
Zhu's quotation says: "Although the figures in Jin and Song Dynasties are still lofty, they all want official positions. One party made it clear, and the other party attracted the right to receive the goods.
Tao Yuanming really can't handle it, so he is taller than the figures in Jin and Song Dynasties. In his youth, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was partial to the south of the Yangtze River, and the Hu people occupied the Central Plains. At this time, his blood is boiling, he is ambitious, and he worships heroes like Tian Chou and Jing Ke.
In his works in middle age and later years (such as miscellaneous poems and quasi-ancient poems), he often reveals his fantastic ideas about this boyhood. Tao Qian.