The fundamental problem to be solved in this paper is that for everyone who needs to write a paper, the most feared thing in writing a paper is digression, because it means that you have to rewrite it and need to find new materials. Let me give you a brief understanding of the fundamental problems to be solved in this paper.

The basic problem to be solved in this paper is 1. Whether it is a big paper with hundreds of thousands of words or a small paper with 8000 words, there are actually only two fundamental problems to be solved: what to write and how to write it.

First, research topics and research questions

The first task of doing research or writing academic papers is to determine the topic. Here, we must distinguish between "topic" and "problem". Furthermore, research questions are put forward and expressed in the form of questions for specific research tasks. It is the first step to start the research from the research topic to the research problem.

In the process of choosing a topic, you should ask yourself three questions: What am I interested in? What aspects are important to my interest? Why are these aspects important?

The first question is familiar to everyone. Only when we are interested, will we want to know, will we have the motivation to read literature crazily and will we answer the second question.

What is important is a very subjective question, depending on your own understanding. After determining the research interest, we should continue to dig deeper and pay attention to smaller aspects. If your research interest is "the international system", it is a step forward to narrow it down to "the relationship between the state and the international system".

Then, you pay attention to the phenomenon of "the country withdraws from the international system", and then think about "why does the country withdraw from the international system?" "What are the similarities and differences between the state withdrawal of the international community today and the state withdrawal in history?" Wait for questions. At this point, your research has shifted from a broad topic to a specific problem.

The importance of research mainly includes both theory and practice, and a good research should have both. Of course, we can't deny that some groundbreaking research pays more attention to the importance of theory, and some research is only based on practice.

It is not difficult for us to see that it is a process of narrowing and clarifying the research task from the topic selection to the question raising. Whether the research question is raised well is actually whether the research task is chosen well, not whether it is expressed in words. So what is a good research question?

1, a good research question should be specific and clear, and the meaning should be made clear at the beginning of the paper, rather than a general and vague question, which makes people unpredictable.

2. What form should a good research question be put forward, because the essence of science lies in exploring the objective law of the development of things, and so does social science.

3. A good research question should be an important one. This has been mentioned above. The worst case is that there is no research problem. I suggest that you write down your research questions in the form of a question before you start writing. Asking a good question is even more important than giving a good explanation to an ordinary question.

Second, literature review and research innovation.

The importance of literature is self-evident. Use the network reasonably and learn to use keywords. The number of keywords is about 3-5. The most effective way is to read the literature by classification. About 60% of the documents consulted by keywords are irrelevant, and about 30% may be relevant, but they are not directly relevant from the specific issues, and only about 10% are most relevant.

If in the process of searching and reading documents, you find that there are no or too many directly related documents, that is a very bad signal, and you may need to re-examine your research questions. There is no directly related literature at all, which means that your research problem may not be important and there is no need for research.

Of course, talented researchers are not excluded, but most of us have just stepped into the academic threshold, and it is almost impossible to have major problems in the academic field that are not realized by scholars but just discovered by you. There are too many directly related documents, which means that there are too many people studying this issue, and even it is rotten. It will be very difficult for us to innovate or make contributions.

Before continuing to discuss the literature review, we should first think about how to position the innovation and contribution of research. Innovation is a relative concept, which is an innovation relative to the existing research rather than an unfounded innovation. It can be realized mainly in the following four ways:

First, discover new phenomena and put forward new problems accordingly;

The second is to put forward new theories or new viewpoints on the existing problems;

The third is to find new evidence or new information of existing theories;

Third, adopt new analytical methods.

As long as one of these three points can be well implemented, it can be called good research. In fact, literature review began when the topic was determined. Once the useful documents are determined through preliminary reading, you can start designing the document structure diagram. The research document map is an intuitive overview of related research, which is shown in the form of charts.

There are many ways to organize the research document map: first, the hierarchical structure, from top to bottom, can list the research theme, several sub-themes, representative documents and their research characteristics, as well as the research to be carried out; Second, the process structure, from left to right, can sort out the research and development of related topics, as well as representative literature.

It is particularly important to list the exact sources of literature in an appropriate way. In this way, a complete reference is formed at the end of the paper.

Literature review writing of quantitative and mixed research generally consists of five parts.

The first part is the preface, which tells readers about several parts involved in the literature review. This paragraph is a statement about the composition of chapters.

The second part to the fourth part summarizes the theme 1 and puts forward the academic literature about "independent variable or multiple independent variables"; Summarize topic 2, academic literature related to "dependent variable or multiple dependent variables"; Summary topic 3, including academic literature on the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables.

The fifth part puts forward a summary, emphasizes the most important research, grasps the important theme in the summary, and points out why more research should be done on this subject.

For qualitative research, literature review may be scattered in different specific disciplines, and all aspects of the central phenomenon are discussed. It is particularly important to note that literature review is not a simple literature list, and the focus should be on comments, which highlights innovation in this process.

The fundamental problem to be solved in this paper is the writing strategy.

When discussing the writing strategy of academic papers, we should first make clear who the academic papers are addressed to. Teachers, editors and experts are all our "peers". Since it is written for peers, it means that academic papers should reflect their professionalism. In the process of writing, it is assumed that readers have the necessary professional background knowledge, so there is no need to use a whole part for historical review or background introduction.

In addition, the writing process needs to be more defensive and transparent. On the one hand, we should "guard against" professional criticism, on the other hand, we should provide necessary information for professional criticism. The author's writing attitude should also be objective, and he should look at the paper from the perspective of peer readers.

Secondly, it should be clear that the writing of academic papers has its specific norms and styles.

1. Academic papers must be strictly marked, which is due to the consideration of intellectual property rights, knowledge accumulation and document expansibility.

2. Academic papers have a relatively fixed article structure, generally including abstracts, keywords, introduction, research questions and assumptions, arguments and research conclusions.

There are also several ways to write each part. For example, the writing of the introduction mainly includes four sections: the statement of the research problem, the summary of the existing research results, the shortcomings in the existing literature, and the importance of this study. Fixed structure can meet the expectation of knowledge integration, improve the efficiency of literature reading and ensure the transparency of research.

3. Academic papers have their own specific writing language, emphasizing academic rigor and logical charm rather than the charm of words. The author should learn and stick to the scientific writing style, that is, appeal to reason's gray-black writing style, and try to avoid literary, journalistic and colloquial writing styles.

A rigorous style of writing does not mean boring words. Some people write very dull research, while others can dig out the interesting and significance of seemingly dull research. In the process of writing, we can increase the readability of the text on the basis of conciseness, power and clarity.

All experienced writers know that writing is a process of thinking and conceptualizing the theme. To put it simply, it is to write down our thoughts during the research. One of the manifestations of those who lack writing experience is that they like the process of reading literature and thinking, and can talk about their own research on Kan Kan, but they will never write. Share a writing tip: write while thinking.

In fact, writing is a process of thinking. Thinking without writing or writing without thinking is the taboo of paper writing. From the early stage of the research process, we should extract ideas from our minds and record them. Only by transforming the viewpoint into words can we form an intuitive impression on the trend of the paper and truly "see" the research results.

In the process of writing, I generally adopt the syllogism model: the first step is to put forward an outline, which can be a sentence, a main point or an intuitive train of thought; The second step is to write a draft, and then filter, delete and move ideas around the whole paragraph; The third step is to edit and polish each sentence. This is actually a process of writing while thinking, and it is also a process of writing, looking up and writing again.

The second way to write academic papers is to maintain good writing habits and establish writing norms based on continuity and regularity. Writing is only a continuation of literature collection, reading and thinking, and long-term shelving of writing manuscripts will lead to the loss of attention and energy.

The best way is to choose the time that suits you best and avoid distractions, and then stick to writing at this time every day. No matter how you feel, no matter whether you are ready to write, keep writing every day. Write less, but regularly. Writing is step by step, and I devote myself to writing with a leisurely attitude.