1 Sowing and reasonable close planting
1. 1 Select fine varieties according to local conditions.
Because of the different climate and production conditions in the areas suitable for corn planting, it is necessary to choose excellent hybrids suitable for local conditions and plant them according to local conditions. The basic principle of selecting varieties is to make full use of local favorable production conditions and natural resources, and combine the excellent characteristics of varieties with environmental conditions to give full play to their advantages.
1.2 Determine the suitable sowing date and determine the suitability of corn.
The suitable sowing date mainly depends on the planting system, temperature, water content and variety of corn. It is necessary to make full use of the favorable local climate resources and consider the relationship between the previous and subsequent crops to create excellent conditions for the latter crops.
1.3 The reasonable density of reasonable close planting corn is affected by climate and variety characteristics. Generally, the density of varieties with high fertility and good irrigation conditions will be smaller, and the density of compact varieties with short leaves will be larger. High density increases the demand for water and soil nutrients among plants, and shading among plants affects the accumulation of photosynthetic products, which is easy to form empty stalks; If it is planted too thinly, it is difficult to achieve the expected yield, because it can't make full use of water, nutrients and sunlight to produce more nutrients.
2 scientific fertilization and irrigation
2. 1 Principles and methods of scientific fertilization The principle of fertilization is to apply base fertilizer well, bring seed fertilizer at jointing stage, topdress urea, and urge it again at big bell mouth stage. Fertilization methods of maize mainly include deep application, centralized application, timely application and phased application. Fertilization is mainly based on base fertilizer, and the amount of base fertilizer can account for 50.0%~70.0% of the total fertilization. Organic fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer are all turned into the soil as base fertilizer, and the ploughing depth is 20~25 cm, and nitrogen fertilizer can sometimes be used as base fertilizer.
Seed fertilizer has a good effect on maize seedling and its later growth. General seed fertilizer can be pure nitrogen 1.0~2.0 kg/667 m2, pure phosphorus1.0 ~1.5kg/667m2; Sieved decomposed oil residue and sheep manure can also be added,10.0 ~15.0kg/667m2; Nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer 5.0 kg/667m2 can also be used. Seed fertilizer should be applied in the soil 5~8 cm beside the seeds and 5~6 cm deeper than the seeds.
Topdressing is mainly nitrogen fertilizer. If the topdressing is only 1 time, urea 15.0kg/667 m2 can be applied before topping water, and then ditching and watering can be done. Sometimes topdressing can be divided into two stages: 1 stage at jointing stage, and the second stage at big bell mouth stage, with urea 10.0 kg per 667 m2, which can be applied to artificial holes and 10 cm soil with a depth of 8~ 10 cm. When applying fertilizer, don't sprinkle fertilizer on corn leaves to avoid burning them; Fertilization should be coordinated with irrigation to give full play to fertilizer efficiency; In the case of applying topdressing twice, the amount of fertilizer used for the second time will be slightly larger.
2.2 Scientific Irrigation In order to ensure high and stable yield of corn, besides developing and perfecting water conservancy facilities, irrigation techniques and water-saving irrigation measures must also be implemented. The main ways of water-saving irrigation are: 1) furrow irrigation and furrow irrigation. It is more convenient to use furrow irrigation when the row spacing of corn planting is wide. You can also use furrow irrigation, that is, only wide furrow irrigation for corn, which saves water and labor. 2) Pipeline irrigation. Generally, hard plastic pipes are used underground and soft plastic pipes are used on the ground. One end is connected to the pump mouth, and the other end extends to the far side of the corn field, and irrigation is carried out while retreating. 3) Sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation have the characteristics of water saving, labor saving, land saving and strong adaptability.
3. Control technology of pests and weeds
3. 1 Pest control The policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control" should be implemented in pest control. Control technology: 1) Agricultural control. Implement crop rotation; Cultivate disease-resistant varieties in serious places; Strengthen cultivation management to prevent excessive nitrogen fertilizer and ensure water supply before and after tasseling; When the diseased tumor is found in the field in the early stage, it should be removed and buried deeply. After the autumn harvest, the disease and disability should be completely removed, and then the primary source of infection should be reduced. 2) chemical control. When sowing, seed is dressed with 0.4% triadimefon 20.0% EC, and soil and feces are treated with fungicides such as carbendazim, so as to completely control pests in the growing period.
3.2 Weed control technology 1) Soil treatment. Spraying atrazine, alachlor and acetochlor. After sowing, cover the soil surface with plastic film. 2) Spraying atrazine, 2,4-butyl vinegar and Yunongsi on weeds with 2-3 leaves at seedling stage, but avoiding contact with some perennial weeds in maize leaves as far as possible. Inactive herbicides can be used, and they must be sprayed directionally when applied.
4 Measures to further increase production
1) Replace with new varieties. It is urgent to breed or introduce varieties with early maturity, high yield, lodging resistance and suitable for close planting.
2) Increase investment. The demand of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for producing 500 kg corn with 667 m2 is very different. If fertilizer input is not increased, long-term continuous cropping of maize will seriously damage soil fertility and the sustainability of agricultural system may also be lost. If fertilization can be balanced according to the land, the yield will be greatly improved.
3) Expand the area covered by plastic film. The area covered by plastic film for maize in Heilongjiang Province has reached 200,000 hm2. At present, new technologies of factory seedling raising and mechanized transplanting are being tested, which will greatly increase corn yield.
4) Reform the grain circulation system, expand circulation channels, and increase drying machinery and storage and processing facilities. When the moisture content of varieties is high, drying machinery should be equipped to speed up the dehydration of corn seeds after harvest, properly solve the problems of safe storage, transportation and circulation of grain, and improve the quality level.
5) timely harvest. Corn should be harvested in time after maturity, which is an important measure to improve the yield and quality of corn. The sign of maturity is that the bracts turn yellow and the seeds become hard. Some new varieties of corn may still have bright green stems and leaves when they mature, but they can be harvested as long as the bracts turn yellow and the seeds harden. After harvesting, it is naturally air-dried and stored.
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