15 On February 7th, the Ministry of Civil Affairs released the basic information of natural disasters in June 20th10. It was verified that various natural disasters * * * caused 2.473 million people to be affected, 47 people died and 4 people were missing. More than 4,000 houses collapsed; The direct economic loss was 4.8 billion yuan. According to statistics, freezing at low temperature and snowstorm caused 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government)160,000 people to be affected and 4 people died. The affected area of crops is 69. 1 thousand hectares, of which 3.4 thousand hectares will not be harvested; The direct economic loss was 3.08 billion yuan.
On 20 16 1 month, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Office of the National Disaster Reduction Committee and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology discussed and analyzed the national natural disasters in 20 15. It is approved that in 20 15 years, various natural disasters * * * caused1862.03 million people to be affected, 8 19 people died, and 148 people were missing.
In addition, 6.444 million people were transferred and resettled urgently, requiring emergency living assistance 1.8 1.7 million people; 248,000 houses collapsed and 2.505 million houses were damaged to varying degrees; The affected area of crops is 2 1769.8 thousand hectares, of which 2,232.7 thousand hectares will not be harvested; The direct economic loss is 2704 1 100 million yuan.
On the whole, the national disaster in 20 15 was relatively light. Compared with 20 14, the number of people missing and houses collapsed due to disasters is less than 40%; Compared with the average of 2000-20 14 (excluding 2008), the number of houses collapsed is less than 80%, and the number of people missing due to disasters is less than 60%. There are more than 20 kinds of meteorological disasters, mainly including the following types:
(1) rainstorm: mountain torrents, river flooding and urban water accumulation;
(2) Rain and waterlogging: waterlogging;
(3) Drought: drought in agriculture, forestry and grassland, water shortage in industry, cities and rural areas, and land desertification;
(4) Dry-hot wind: dry-hot wind and foehn wind;
(5) High temperature heat wave: extreme heat and high temperature, human diseases, burns, and crop ripening;
(6) Tropical cyclones: gale, rainstorm and flood;
(7) Cold damage: crops, livestock and fruit trees are harmed by strong cooling and low temperature;
(8) Freezing injury: frost, crop and livestock freezing injury, water pipes and oil pipes freezing injury;
(9) Freezing rain: wires, branches and roads are frozen;
(10) Freezing: rivers, lakes and seas freeze, and roads freeze after rain and snow;
(1 1) Snow damage: snowstorm, snow;
(12) Hail disaster: destroying crops and houses;
(13) Wind disaster: falling trees, reversing houses, reversing cars and reversing boats;
(14) Tornado: local destructive disaster;
(15) Lightning: lightning casualties;
(16) Continuous rain (acid rain): it is not conducive to crop growth and development, grain mildew, etc.
(17) dense fog: human diseases and traffic jams;
(18) low-altitude windshear: aviation accident;
(19) Acid rain: harmful to crops;
(20) Sandstorm: death of people and animals, collapse of buildings, reduction of agricultural production, air pollution and loss of topsoil. (1) Storm surge: The interaction between cold air from high latitudes and tropical cyclones from the sea leads to the occurrence of strong winds and huge waves along the coast, thus forming a storm surge. The western Pacific is the area that produces the most storm surges.
Storm surge type: typhoon type; Cold high pressure combined with cyclone type in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea; Transverse cold and high pressure type; Strongly isolated yellow sea and Bohai sea cyclone type; Strong Mongolian low pressure type.
Spatial distribution of storm surge disasters. Storm surges in China are all over the coast, but the main concentrated areas from north to south are: Laizhou Bay; Jiangsu Xiaoyanghekou to Zhejiang Dehaimen; Wenzhou, Taizhou, Shacheng to Minjiang Estuary; Shantou, Guangdong to the Pearl River Estuary; The east coast of Leizhou Peninsula and the northeast coast of Hainan Island.
(2) Catastrophic waves: The waves that cause disasters at sea are called catastrophic waves.
Formation of disastrous waves: caused by typhoon, temperate cyclone, cold wave and other weather systems and formed by strong winds.
According to the type of weather system, disastrous waves are cold and high pressure (also called cold wave type); Typhoon type; Cyclone type; Cold high pressure combined with cyclone.
(3) Sea ice: Sea ice is frozen by harmful water, including river ice and icebergs flowing into the ocean. Sea ice is one of the outstanding marine disasters in polar oceans and some high latitudes.
Disaster caused by sea ice. Pushing down offshore oil platforms, destroying offshore engineering facilities and waterway facilities, or colliding with ships, causing major shipwrecks; Obstruct the navigation of the ship, damage the propeller or hull, and lose navigation ability. Sea ice blocks the harbor, which leads to the normal operation of the port or greatly increases the cost of using icebreakers to break ice and pilot; The fishing moratorium is too long, and mariculture facilities and places are destroyed, resulting in economic losses.
The main characteristics of sea ice disasters are the Bohai Sea, the northern Yellow Sea and the coastal waters of Liaodong Peninsula, as well as some bays of Shandong Peninsula, which are easy to freeze in winter in China.
(4) Tsunami: Tsunami is mainly a marine disaster caused by a severe earthquake in countries along the Pacific Ocean.
Conditions for tsunami formation: the focal point of the submarine earthquake that caused the tsunami is shallow, generally less than 20 km to 50 km; The magnitude is generally above 6.5 on the Richter scale; There must be a large-scale vertical movement on the seabed; The sea area where submarine earthquakes occur must have a certain depth, especially the transoceanic tsunami, which is generally above 1000 meters.
Hazards of Tsunami: The form of tsunami in coastal areas is the sudden rise of seawater, which suddenly forms a "water wall" marching towards the shore. With the rumbling noise, it instantly invades coastal land, engulfs fertile fields, towns and villages, and then the seawater suddenly recedes, or rises first and retreats, and sometimes appears repeatedly, causing huge losses to human life and property.
(5) Red tide: the concept of red tide: Red tide refers to the phenomenon that seawater changes color in a certain range due to the sudden increase of some tiny phytoplankton, protozoa or bacteria in seawater under certain environmental conditions.
Harm of red tide: causing marine variation, partially interrupting the marine food chain and threatening the survival of marine life; Some red tide organisms excrete or decompose mucus after death, which makes marine animals filter food and breathe, thus suffocating them. Or the toxins contained in red tide organisms are ingested by marine animals, resulting in poisoning and death of fish, shrimp and shellfish. Some will poison vertebrates and humans after eating. In the following sections, we will introduce several common natural disasters with large destruction areas, and also introduce some disaster prevention and relief measures.
(6) El Nino phenomenon: refers to the abnormal continuous warming of seawater temperature in the tropical ocean in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean, which changes the global climate pattern, causing drought in some areas and excessive rainfall in some areas. (1) rainstorm disaster;
(2) mountain torrents;
(3) snowmelt flood;
(4) ice flood;
(5) dam-break flood;
(6) Debris flow and cement flood. Both natural changes and human activities may lead to changes in geological environment or geological body. When this change reaches a certain level, landslides, mudslides, land subsidence, ground collapse, rock swelling, sand liquefaction, land freezing and thawing, soil salinization, land desertification, earthquakes, volcanoes, geothermal disasters and other consequences will do harm to human beings and society. This phenomenon is called geological disaster. Geological disasters also include derivative disasters.
(1) Debris flow: Debris flow is a special torrent containing a lot of sediment and stones, which is triggered by heavy rain, melting of snow and ice and other water sources in mountain valleys.
The formation of debris flow: the following three conditions must be met at the same time: steep terrain is convenient for water collection and water collection; Abundant loose matter; There is a lot of water in a short time.
The material composition of debris flow can be divided into three categories: debris flow consists of a large number of cohesive soil, sand particles and stones with different particle sizes; Mainly cohesive soil, containing a small amount of clay particles and stones, with high viscosity, which is called mud flow when it becomes thick mud; Water-rock flow consists of water, sand and stones of different sizes.
Hazard of debris flow: hazard to residential areas; Harm to roads and railways; Harm to water conservancy and hydropower projects; Damage to mines;
(2) Landslide: The phenomenon that the rocky mountain on the landslide slides down along a weak surface (or weak zone) due to various reasons is called landslide. Commonly known as "walking mountains", "crossing mountains" and "sliding soil".
Conditions of landslide: Only when the rock and soil mass of the slope is cut and separated into a continuous state by various structural planes can it have the conditions of downward sliding.
The activity intensity of landslide is mainly related to the scale, speed, distance, accumulated potential energy and generated kinetic energy of landslide.
Activity time of landslide: it is mainly related to various external factors that induce landslide, such as earthquake, rainfall, freezing and thawing, tsunami, storm surge and human activities.
(3) Collapse: Collapse, also known as caving, collapse or collapse, is a geological phenomenon that the rock mass on the steep slope suddenly breaks away from the parent body under the action of gravity and accumulates at the foot of the slope (or gully rock).
According to the material composition of collapse, collapse can be divided into two categories: soil collapse and rock collapse.
Activity time of collapse: collapse generally occurs during or after heavy rain and long-term continuous rainfall; In the fierce process; During or after the excavation of slope toe; The initial stage of reservoir impoundment and the peak period of river; After strong mechanical vibration and big blasting.
Regionality of collapse: Southwest China is the main area of collapse distribution in China.
(4) Land subsidence: Land subsidence is the crustal deformation caused by long-term drought, which lowers the groundwater level and over-exploits groundwater.
(5) Earthquake: Earthquake is a devastating natural disaster. Earthquakes not only directly cause landslides, ground fissures and house collapses, but also cause secondary disasters such as fires, floods, explosions, landslides, mudslides, the spread of toxic gases and plagues. (1) tectonic earthquake;
(2) Collapse earthquake;
(3) mine earthquake;
(4) Reservoir earthquake, etc. (1) Crop diseases: mainly including more than 240 kinds of rice diseases, more than 50 kinds of wheat diseases, more than 40 kinds of corn diseases, more than 40 kinds of cotton diseases and many diseases such as soybean, peanut and hemp;
(2) crop pests; There are mainly 252 kinds of rice pests, more than 0/00 kinds of water wheat pests, 52 kinds of corn pests, more than 300 kinds of cotton pests and many other crop pests.
(3) Crop weeds: about 8,000 species;
(4) Rat damage. (1) Forest diseases: 29 18 species;
(2) Forest pests: 5020 species;
(3) Forest rodents: 160 species. In addition to earthquakes, floods, typhoons, plagues and other disasters that seriously affect our lives and even threaten our lives, we should constantly raise our awareness and strengthen our ability to prevent other disasters such as lightning, fog and hail.
thunder and lightning
(A) the formation of lightning
Weather accompanied by lightning is called thunderstorm in meteorology. In thunderstorm weather, when the potential difference between clouds and the ground reaches a certain intensity, discharge will occur, and lightning strikes the ground or some objects, which will cause lightning strikes. According to research, the lightning current intensity can usually reach tens of thousands of amperes and the temperature can reach 20,000 degrees Celsius. The harm degree of such a strong current and high temperature can be imagined.
(2) Measures to prevent lightning strike
1, in thunderstorm weather, people should try to stay indoors, don't go out, close doors and windows to prevent ball lightning from entering the room.
2. Try not to get close to doors and windows, stoves, heaters and other metal parts, and don't stand barefoot in soil or concrete. It's best to sit on a wooden chair with non-conductive items under your feet.
Don't swim or row in the river, in case lightning strikes people through the water.
4. When there is a thunderstorm outside the venue, look for low-lying areas or ditches as soon as possible, and don't shelter from the rain under isolated trees, towers and telephone poles.
5, once someone was struck by lightning, should be timely rescue, rescue method is the same as the electric shock first aid, timely artificial respiration and extracorporeal heart massage, etc. And rushed to the hospital at the same time.
thick fog
A large number of small water droplets or ice crystal particles are suspended in the air near the lower level, which makes people's vision blurred. When the horizontal energy distance of relevant personnel drops below 1000 meters, it is called fog. Fog classification, when the energy distance is less than 1000m and more than 500m, is called light fog. When the visible distance is less than 500 meters, it is called fog; When the visible distance is less than 200 meters, it is called dense fog.
Fog disaster protection measures:
1. Try not to go out. When you have to go out, wear a mask to prevent inhalation of toxic gases.
2. Try to exercise as little as possible in foggy days, and don't exercise in foggy days.
3, pedestrians should be careful when crossing the road, should see the traffic.
4, driving vehicles and cars to slow down, listen to the traffic police command, don't grab a car (boat), when the ferry stops, don't crowd at the ferry.
Natural disasters and epidemics
Natural disasters destroy the ecological balance between people and their living environment, and form conditions for the spread of infectious diseases. Therefore, controlling infectious diseases has become an important part of disaster relief work.
After natural disasters, with the destruction of the old ecological balance and the establishment of the new balance, the changes in the epidemic conditions of infectious diseases caused by disaster conditions will still exist for some time. The "sequela" of this disaster makes the control of infectious diseases under disaster conditions different from other disaster relief work. When the direct consequences of natural disasters are basically eliminated, eliminating their "after effects" will become the focus of work, and this kind of work will actually become the main work of infectious disease control under disaster conditions. First, disasters are distributed in many areas, and some areas are seriously affected.
Second, the floods in the south are obvious in spring and summer, and the floods in the north are extremely heavy.
Third, typhoons frequently and intensively landed, with a large impact span.
Fourth, the local wind and hail disasters are heavier, and the drought disasters are obviously lighter.
Fifth, earthquakes occur frequently in the west, and low-temperature snowstorms strike in the north.
Sixth, disasters in poverty-stricken areas are frequent and severe, and the superposition effect of disasters and poverty is remarkable.