Materialism 1. Dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness (1) Matter determines consciousness: Dialectical materialism holds that the essence of the world is matter, which comes first, then consciousness, matter first and consciousness second. Matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of objective things in the human brain. This principle requires us to think about problems and do things, insist on proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts, and achieve the unity of subjective and objective concrete history. This principle and methodology require us to pay attention to the following points: (1) Everything starts from reality, that is, we are required to think and do things with objective and practical things (facts) as the fundamental starting point. That is, according to objective facts, we can decide our subjective thoughts and formulate lines, principles and policies. Oppose wrong views and practices based on subjectivity. (2) How to really do everything from reality. It is not easy to really do this. We should not only adhere to the basic viewpoint of materialism and oppose subjectivism, but also adhere to the linked, developed and comprehensive viewpoint of materialist dialectics and oppose the isolated, static and one-sided viewpoint of metaphysics. At the same time, we should adhere to dialectical materialism epistemology, consciously guide our actions with scientific theories, and analyze and deal with all the problems we encounter. Only in this way can we truly proceed from reality, realize the unity of subjective and objective concrete history, and thus effectively understand and transform the world. (3) Subjectivity and objectivity are the unity of concrete history. The concrete unity is static, while the historical unity is dynamic. Therefore, it is necessary to realize the concrete unity of subjectivity and objectivity, and to realize the historical unity of subjectivity and objectivity with the development of objective things. (2) Consciousness has a dynamic effect on matter. Consciousness can not only correctly reflect the phenomenon, essence and law of things, but also react to objective things, correctly reflect the consciousness of objective things and their development laws, and guide people to effectively transform the world and promote the development of objective things. Distorted consciousness reflecting objective things and their development laws will lead people's activities astray and hinder the development of objective things. This principle requires us to attach importance to the role of consciousness, the strength of spirit, consciously establish a correct ideology and overcome the wrong ideology. This principle and methodology require us to pay attention to the following points: (1) Consciousness can correctly reflect objective things. Consciousness can not only correctly reflect the external phenomena of things, but also correctly reflect the essence and laws of things. There is nothing in the world that cannot be recognized, only things that have not yet been recognized. However, due to the limitations of historical conditions, practice and objective things themselves, people's correct understanding of objective things is always limited in each period, but with the development of society and practice, people's correct understanding of objective things is always expanding and deepening. (2) Subjectively, different standpoints, different world views, different outlook on life, different ways of thinking and different knowledge structures restrict whether consciousness can correctly reflect objective things. (3) Consciousness has a reaction to matter. The consciousness of correctly reflecting objective things and their development laws can guide people to effectively transform the world and promote the development of objective things. Distorted consciousness reflecting objective things and their development laws will lead people's activities astray and hinder the development of objective things. Second, the dialectical relationship between people's subjective initiative and objective laws (1) Objective laws restrict people's subjective initiative. Dialectical materialism holds that the world is material, material is moving, and movement is regular. Law is the internal and essential connection in the process of things' movement. The law is objective and independent of human will. The objectivity of law is manifested in its irresistible force. Therefore, objective laws always restrict the exertion of subjective initiative. To give full play to subjective initiative correctly, we must respect and act according to objective laws and seek truth from facts. Whether people act according to the law determines whether people can get positive results by exerting their subjective initiative; The degree to which people act according to law determines the degree to which people exert their subjective initiative and receive positive results. (2) According to objective laws, we must give full play to our subjective initiative. The fact that the law is objective does not mean that people are powerless in the face of objective laws. People can exert their subjective initiative to understand and apply the law. People can use their own understanding of the law to predict the development trend and direction of things, guide practical activities and transform the objective world; People can also change or create conditions by exerting their subjective initiative, limit the scope of destructive effects of certain laws, and make people suffer less from them or avoid their occurrence until they turn harm into benefit and benefit mankind.

dialectic

Dialectics is a philosophical theory about unity of opposites, struggle and movement, universal connection and change and development. The core of dialectics is struggle (contradiction theory). In other words, dialectics is a theory of contradiction. Now it is the concept of philosophical evolution in the fields of thinking, nature and history, and it is also used to refer to a world outlook and methodology as opposed to metaphysics. There are only two world views in the world, one is dialectics, the other is metaphysics, and dialectics and metaphysics are fundamentally opposite. The basic feature of dialectics is that struggle and unity are linked. This idea is also the basic idea of dialectics as a methodology. The basic feature of metaphysics is that struggle is divorced from unity. It either only sees struggle and does not see unity, or only sees unity and does not see struggle. The "dialectics" and "metaphysics" mentioned here are both generalizations in form, not in content. Philosophers in different periods have different understandings of dialectics. Ancient Greek philosophy holds that dialectics is a method to demonstrate and analyze contradictions in propositions, expose contradictions in conversations, and overcome contradictions. German philosopher G. Hegel believes that the self-contradiction of the object of dialectics is not only a way of thinking, but also a world view. Marxism critically inherited Hegel's thought, holding that dialectics is the inherent law of the objective world itself, dialectics in thinking is the reflection of objective laws in people's minds, and dialectics is the theory of universal connection and development. Dialectics has three basic historical forms: ancient naive dialectics, idealistic dialectics represented by Hegel and Marxist materialist dialectics.