① Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;

(2) Reasoning: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms from domestic and foreign celebrities, and accepted theorem formulas to prove the argument;

③ Comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove arguments in comparison;

(4) Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument. In addition, in refutation, the refutation methods of "attacking shield with spear" and "reducing to absurdity" are often adopted. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.

⑤ Inductive argument is also called "factual argument". Give concrete examples to demonstrate the method of general conclusion.

⑥ Deductive demonstration, also called "theoretical demonstration", is a method to demonstrate individual cases according to general principles or conclusions. That is, to prove particularity with the argument of universality.

⑦ Analogy argument is a method to deduce examples of similar things from known things, that is, an argument method from special to special.

(8) Causal argument, which proves the argument by analyzing things and revealing the causal relationship between arguments and arguments. Causality argument can be proved by causality, effect and causality.

Citation argument: a kind of "reasoning argument", which takes famous sayings as arguments, quotes classics, analyzes problems and explains reasons. There are two ways to quote: one is to explicitly quote and explain who said the quoted words or their sources, and the other is to implicitly quote, that is, not to explain who said the quoted words or their sources.

Extended data:

To make good use of the example method, we must pay attention to the following aspects:

1, the case should be typical, conclusive and influential. Generally speaking, celebrities or cases should be given priority, and trivial cases on campus, family and street should be used with caution. ?

2. The narrative of the case should be concise and not too detailed. Examples are given to prove points, not to clarify facts. Never put the cart before the horse. ?

3. Cases should not be single and narrow, but should be rich and broad, and should be combined with points and faces, so that ancient and modern Chinese and foreign countries can set each other off. When similar cases have been mastered for a long time, you can consider sentence parallelism. ?

After listing the cases, we should make a brief analysis. We should not turn the model law into a case classification to avoid undocumented cases. ?

5. Diligent in accumulation and good at screening. "If you use books, you hate less." Reading newspapers, taking notes and cutting and pasting are the main means. If you accumulate more, you will naturally be able to achieve mastery. ?

When using metaphor, we must pay attention to the following three points:

1, see the big from the small, and make analogy nearby. Small and familiar things in life should be chosen as metaphors. If the vehicle is not familiar to readers, the purpose of metaphor will not be achieved. ?

2. Vehicles do not seek similarity, but seek God's similarity. The vehicle as a metaphor is different from the vehicle as a metaphor. The carrier of metaphor is to emphasize characteristics, describe things, pay attention to shape, and compare shape with shape; The carrier of metaphor is to illustrate the point of view, which is similar in spirit and meaningful in shape when viewed from the right and heard from the right. We must carefully appreciate and ponder the corresponding relationship between the objects we want to demonstrate and the things used as metaphors. ?

3. Fine anatomical metaphor and threading. Lu Xun's metaphor in "Takeism" is very classic.

He compared "big house" to "cultural heritage"; Criticize three wrong views and attitudes towards cultural heritage with "loser", "asshole" and "waste"; Use "shark's fin", "opium", "bong, smoke lamp" and "concubine" to describe several components of cultural heritage; Use "possession", "choice" and "innovation" to explain the three steps of critical inheritance of cultural heritage. Very appropriate, seamless, convincing, can not help but amaze. ?