The Artistic Features of Su Shi's Poems
As a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi's poems have distinctive features.
First, show interest in reasoning and win with interest in reasoning. A major feature of Song poetry is reasoning, and Su Shi is a master of reasoning. The so-called interest in reason is generally the reason full of vitality and aura contained in poetry, that is, the philosophy of universe, society and life.
? Looking at Lushan Mountain from the front and side of peaks and valleys, from far, near, high and low places, Lushan Mountain presents various faces. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I was born in this mountain. ? (Su Shi's topic Xilin wall)
Looking at Lushan Mountain, the poet saw endless mountains, endless peaks and towering scenes. Looking sideways, sideways, far away and close up, the vision is different, and what he sees is different. Therefore, the author believes that people can't recognize the true face of Lushan Mountain because they only see part of it or are confused by some phenomenon. This also tells us that anyone who is subjective and one-sided and holds one end can't understand the true colors of things; If you want to see the truth clearly, you need to step out of your own limitations and gain a comprehensive insight. The whole poem is an immortal philosophical poem, which integrates scenery, feelings and philosophy.
The reason in Su Shi's poems is not directly expressed, but through images, so that readers can feel and associate with the images in his works, and then realize some novel and profound philosophies. Another example is his Meet My Son in Mianchi:
? What is life like everywhere? It should be like Hong Fei stepping through the snow. I accidentally left my fingers and claws in the mud, and Hong Fei was driving that complicated thing. The old monk is dead and has become a new tower. There is no reason to look at the old topic with a broken wall. Remember whether the past was rugged or not, and the long road was full of people. ? This poem expresses the uncertainty of life and deep nostalgia for the past. The first four sentences are vivid and wonderful, word for word, in one go, and the last four sentences are deepened by what you hear, see and remember? Snow mud claws? Feeling makes the front and back parts closely connected, and the virtual and the real are born together. The whole article has a universal life experience and contains profound philosophy of life, which is touching and thought-provoking in ancient times.
Second, the combination of realism and romanticism. Su Shi's poems have both the realistic spirit of Du Fu's poems and Li Bai's bold and romantic style. His realistic spirit is first manifested in his concern for people's sufferings and his dissatisfaction with extravagant rulers. His "Lee's Garden" exposes the crime of bureaucratic aristocrats annexing land. They tried to build? Beautiful garden? Whatever. Take the people's field? ,? Break a thousand? . Does Su Shi's Litchi Tan reveal bureaucratic intentions? Is the beauty in the palace broken? Do not hesitate to cause? A thousand years of blood spatter? Ugliness and crime.
Su Shi's realistic spirit is embodied in his concern for the fate of the country and the nation. Su Shi advocated fighting Liao and Xixia, and his poems were full of strong patriotic feelings. ? If the sacred dynasty is light and cool in the west, white is still more energy-saving. ? ("Sacrificing Changshan for a small hunting")? When will the bow and arrow go? Go straight to the Yinshan Mountain to go to Khan. ? (Answer to Chen Jichang Yi Hui) shows his great ambition to serve the battlefield.
Su Shi has always been concerned about border affairs, so whenever he learns that the border has been won, he often shows sincere happiness. For example:? General Han gave Tianchi a ten-foot Buddha and an eight-foot dragon. It seems that I heard that the headquarters was built in the county seat, but I don't feel like Xirong. The minister of animal husbandry was unhappy, but he was surprised. ) Chun Rong. ? (Wen Tao Xi Jie Bao) wrote Xining for five years (1072). Another example is that in the second year of Fan Yuan (7087), the leader of Tibet, Gui Xi, was captured, and Su Shi wrote a poem praising: the strong foundation was broken by thousands of troops and horses, and even the air was burned out. Catch the traitor from the cave and win the battle in the smoke. ? But he also soberly warned: Strong love prevents retaliation, and the army wins and avoids arrogance. Treat the generals in Kansai with caution, and don't have any outstanding achievements. ? ("Ghost Chapter Twenty Rhymes")
Su Shi has always believed that the landscape is romantic, impermanent and leisurely. He always wanted to be an admirer of nature, and he poured his thoughts and feelings into nature. He gets pleasure from nature, wanders around the temples of mountains and rivers, seeks the enjoyment of beauty, appreciates the philosophy of life and shows a romantic spirit. He wrote in the exam answer sheet Ode to the Strange Stone:? Who knows, the stone-based monster in our city suddenly came to me from a dream. He sat in horror, thinking about his own words and wrote the end of this poem. ? Writing strange rocks and asking Su Shi for a dream to justify himself are actually Su Shi's warm praise for the noble quality of strange rocks. This shows that Su Shi has a kind of unrestrained romantic spirit since his youth, and it can also be seen that his ideal torch is burning high.
Third, the combination of bold and graceful style. The Northern Song Dynasty was famous for its graceful school, and Su Shi initiated the unrestrained school. Therefore, in his poems, he mainly uses a beautiful and bold style, and at the same time has a graceful gesture. As Liu Kezhuang commented:? There are sweaty people, elegant people, beautiful people and simple people, and they are ever-changing. ? ("Later Story")
Look at Su Shi's poem "Appreciation of Peony in Jixiang Temple": people are not ashamed when they are old, but they are ashamed when they are old. Drunk passers-by should laugh. ? The first two sentences in the poem are copied from Liu Yuxi's poem Looking at Peony? Only worry about rhetoric, not for the elderly. ? The last sentence is Du Mu's "Farewell" poem? The spring breeze travels ten miles along Yangzhou Road, so it is better to roll a bead curtain. Semantics Describe the happy atmosphere of Hangzhou people who laugh at peony and get drunk. In the poem, I described the shape of my white hair and flowers. I enjoyed the flowers and got drunk. Go to Shilihua Street, the bead curtain is half rolled, and all the beautiful women are watching. In poetry? People? 、? Flowers? 、? Old? 、? Shame? Four sons intentionally repeat, making syllables cycle back and forth, with strong graceful and restrained emotions.
Another example is his poem "apricot blossoms on a moonlit night", and the word "Jiangchengzi? Yi Mao's diary "Dream on the 20th of the first month" and so on. , but also graceful, profound implication.
? Jejunum is full of wine, liver, lungs and teeth are full of bamboo stones. I feel like I can't go back. I spit on your snow wall. Good poetry is still easy to draw in this life, and the book wall is long and scolding. No anger, no scolding, no joy, who is the king in the world. A pair of bronze swords, two new poems fighting for the swords. The sword is in the poem by the bed. I don't know who made the dragon roar. This is Su Shi's poem "Guo Jia, drunk painting bamboo stone walls, Guo Zuoshi thanked him, leaving two bronze swords". From the poem, I feel that there is a sense of splashing ink, sharp-edged and heroic. Su Shi's poems are more bold than poems.
Fourth, discuss Zen with tea, write and draw. The super-utilitarian aesthetic attitude of Zen aesthetics is reflected in Su Shi's Poems of Chanting for the Huai Dynasty.
In his works, it is a kind of transcendental spirit, which has created many style characteristics of his creation, such as indifference or boldness. For example, Su Shi's Qin Poetry: If the Qin is issued, why not put it in the box? If words sound on your fingers, why not listen to them on your fingers?
This is a famous Zen poem by Su Shi. Is the piano not here? On the piano? , not again? Fingers up? So where did it come from? The poet asks strange questions and doesn't answer them (there is no need to answer them). Is the poem full of them? Zen? In the meantime, the elegance can only be understood but not expressed. This shows the influence of Buddhism on Su Shi.
The Artistic Features of Su Shi's Ci
Su Shi is the pioneer of the uninhibited school. Su Shi has completely achieved a school of bold, natural, elegant and open-minded ci style, full of understanding of the wealth and poverty of life, showing a kind of? Success is happy, but failure is also something? Thought. This should be a new expansion of the realm of life, showing a great progress in human wisdom. Su Shi made many innovations in Ci, and established? New eyes and ears? The bold school replaced the dominant position of the traditional graceful school and became the pioneer of the bold school in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi has a special position in the history of China Ci, and his contribution to the development of Ci is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
First, it broke the concept that poetry is superior to ci, and established the historical position of song ci.
Ci originated from the people, and its content is very extensive. The main difference between it and poetry is that it can sing with music. However, with the rapid development of literati ci, love or pornography is regarded as the main content of ci. Since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Ci has been called? Traces? 、? Ke Yan? Than poetry in people's minds? Humble? . To continue the development of Ci, we must expand the content, explore the theme and break the boundaries of poetry. Su Shi believes that poetry comes down in one continuous line and belongs to the same family. Su Shi, a Miao poet, wrote poems with the attitude of creating poems, which made people discover the inherent potential of Ci as a literary form. In addition to adapting to music tunes, it can also change from its own format and develop into an independent lyric style. Thus, the lyric expression of Su Ci has made a breakthrough? Poetry is better than words? 、? Poetry is charming? The traditional view of Ci established the status of independent lyric poetry. For example, the old man talks about juvenile madness, resulting in yellow on the left and blue on the right. Golden hat, mink and fur, thousands of riding rolls and leveling posts. In order to repay the people of the whole city for following my generous hunting proposal, I will shoot this tiger myself like Sun Quan. The wine is full and the box is still open. Why not put some cream on your temples? When will Feng Tang be left behind? I will make my strength as full as the full moon, full as the full moon, heading northwest and shooting at the team in West Xia Jun. ("Jiang? Hunting in Michigan ")
This is Su Shi's earliest bold poem. The magnificent hunting scenes written in the ci are lifelike and impressive. The general tendency of language is trembling, gentleness and charm, and the next paragraph of the word is particularly heroic: why not frost your temples? I will make my strength as full as the full moon, full as the full moon, heading northwest and shooting at the team in West Xia Jun. ? It shows Su Shi's conceit and lofty sentiments. Although there are external differences between poetry and ci, he broke the artificial boundary between poetry and ci, and promoted ci to become a truly independent lyric poem, thus improving the artistic taste of ci, introducing ci into the literary palace in an upright manner, and making ci have laws to follow? Traces? Song Ci, as well as Han Fu, Tang Poetry and Yuan Qu, occupies an important position in China's long history and literary history and has become a bright pearl in the history of China literature.
The second is to consolidate the content of the word and expand the scope of the theme of the word.
Su Shi expanded the function of Ci to reflect social life. Su Shi not only used words to express traditional themes such as love, parting and traveling, but also used words to express his ambition to serve the country, rural life and exile life, which expanded the scope of the theme of his words. Any literary form can only grow into a flourishing tree if it is rooted in the fertile soil of social life. For what? Flower pie? When the traditional ci world represented by Su Shi began to decline, Su Shi entered the ci world. The creation of Ci has entered a new stage of development. On the subject matter, Su Shi broke the boundary between poetry and ci, taking poetry as ci and breaking through the concept of ci. Ke Yan? Traditional barriers, with nostalgia, nostalgia, memory and reasoning, have extended their tentacles to the theme of poetry. What's the point? Where do the hints come from? Before? 、? Under the moon? Moving towards a broad social life has greatly opened up the realm of ci. Borrowing some methods of writing poems to write lyrics broadens the theme of lyrics and deepens the connotation of lyrics. The content and theme of Su Ci are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1, concerned about the fate of the country and the nation.
National struggle is the main social problem in Song Dynasty. In the history of Ci, Su Shi introduced ethnic contradictions into Ci earlier, which expanded the theme of Ci and enhanced the ability of Ci to reflect social life. Su Shi cares about the country and the people, has great responsibilities, and even meets life? Low valley? When, his desire, desire? Stretch? His political ambitions can also be seen from time to time in his poems. It is in this situation that Su Shi went boating with a red nose and wrote his first poem "Niannujiao Red Cliff Nostalgia", which echoed through the ages and was an impassioned and heroic cause: one river does not return, one person makes waves, and it is romantic throughout the ages. Old camp west, people say it's the war of the Three Kingdoms, Battle of Red Cliffs. The steep rock wall, like thunder waves lapping against the river bank, waves like rolling up thousands of snow. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once. Think back to Gong Jin. When Xiao Qiao got married for the first time, she was very beautiful. Feather fan nylon scarf, laughing and laughing, strong ashes. I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely. Life is like a dream, sprinkle a glass of wine to pay tribute to the bright moon on the river.
With the vast territory and long history as the background, Su Shi created a heroic image by remembering the director Battle of Red Cliffs who once stepped onto the historical stage and Zhou Yu who defeated Cao Jun, and expressed the author's strong desire to make contributions to the motherland. Between the lines, there are also sighs of career failure and premature birth, reflecting the contradiction between ideal and reality. Although there is a little political helplessness here, the heroism of longing for heroic achievements is still the main theme of Su Shi's whole poems.
2. Care about people's livelihood and sympathize with the poor.
Looking at Jiangnan's Transcendent Taigong reflects the bleak scene of people's poverty: spring is not old, the wind is fine and the willows are oblique. Try to watch it on a separate platform. Half the city is full of spring water, and the flowers are dark. After a cold meal, I woke up but asked for advice. Don't miss the old country for the sake of old friends, try new fire, new tea and poetry wine while you are young. ? This word was written in the spring of the ninth year of Xining. In words? But ask? For the whole word context, try to see it on the detached stage? It's raining, and the poor residents don't hold fireworks, which is even more gloomy. Su Shi not only wrote his sympathy and care for the working people, but also went deep into the female singers at the bottom of society, showing his dissatisfaction with the dissolute and shameless rulers. Due to political ups and downs, life experience and other factors, Su Shi has sympathy and care for this singer. From Bai Juyi? We were all unhappy until the end of the day, when we met. We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? ? This lament, Su Shi also sent it? Is the end of the world the same? Sigh; He even listed the hospitality of leaving other beautiful women as a more rare confidant than making old friends and new wealth. When you say goodbye to the singer, try to comfort them and let them cry. Just don't wipe away your tears, just hit them on your shirt, so that when we meet again in the future, we can talk about old feelings again. Tears don't need to be mixed with scarves, but they are played in shirts, and the picture is visible. ? What a deep and sincere feeling this is! This kind of ci works, which pay attention to people's livelihood and are dissatisfied with the rulers, profoundly embodies the author's social practice experience and creative passion. The ideas expressed in Su Ci are also a reflection of reality.
3. Express personal feelings and explore the mysteries of life.
The contradiction between ideal and reality, and the anguish that the ideal can't be realized can be seen everywhere in his ci. For example, "Qinyuanchun went to Michigan to leave early and immediately sent his son": At that time, * * * was a guest in Chang 'an, like a teenager who had just arrived in Erlu, with a thousand words in his writing and a million volumes in his chest; What's so hard for you, Yao Shun? When you use an excuse, you can hide in me. Why don't you be idle? Long and healthy, but worried about swimming and dying, fighting for the former. This is the next movie, recalling the scene when they first arrived in Khan Beijing. Young people are high-spirited, conceited and really arrogant. Memories contain resentment against a bumpy career. It seems to be pouring out a lot of injustice. Su Shi often expresses his indignation by hanging over the ancient times, admiring the moon and chanting things, such as "Man Jiang Hong sent Ezhou a song envoy gift". Biography of Jiang Biao, don't read it. Crazy Chu Shi, what a pity. Empty state is bleak to Yinglang Wei Hua. Laugh alone, fight for the bottom? Cao Gong and Huang Zu are erratic. May you give me a fairy poem, chasing the yellow crane! ? The lyricist of this song, relying on the deep feelings of the ancients to connect with reality, shows the glorious pity of the Three Kingdoms, which is wild and uninhibited. It also denied the intolerant authorities like Cao Cao and Huang Zu who persecuted talents. It can't be said that the author didn't interweave his personal experience, but Su Shi thinks that the intolerance of wild talents and those in power should only be a thing of the past. From a practical point of view, I have thought of giving up my crown and retiring, but how can I forget the affairs of state? The conclusion is that although Li Bai's hope of being a politician is shattered, it is better than Cui Hao's personal homesickness. Su Shi sublimated his thoughts and feelings in his relegation, thus getting rid of contradictions and depression. It is precisely because his ideals and ambitions cannot be realized that his words constantly reveal a cynical mood towards talents.
4. Love for a better life
Su Shi's love for a better life is manifested in his deep affection for relatives and friends. It has been said by predecessors that Su Shi's ci is shorter than emotion, and the content of emotion is limited to powder and powder, and the understanding is too narrow, which is completely inconsistent with the reality of Su Shi's ci. In fact, Dongpo is affectionate. For example, "Ten Years of Life and Death in the River" expresses sincere love in memory of his dead wife. Although life and death are ten years apart and solitary graves are thousands of miles apart, Su Shi is still so sad as a dream. It's painful to miss your dead wife. It is estimated that my heart will be broken every year, moonlit, short matsuoka? . It is more affectionate to strengthen the performance of the poet's memory of his dead wife. Su Shi also has a deep friendship with his friends. ? How much is a song by Yang? Do you know you are going to Qinchuan? . His friendly words are so heartfelt and full of true feelings. For example, "Jiang Gu Ge sends Shu Gu" truly reflects the attachment away from friends. ? It's easy to see the sky, but difficult to see you. A new painting hall is built near the lonely mountain, and the curved columns are dry. Who is it for, flying catkins and falling flowers, and spring scenery will return to next year? . The first part uses the singer's modality, singing and mood to describe the infinite attachment of the mountain people to the walker. In the following film, the local scenery exists in name only, and the old traces of withered spring scenery are hard to find, so as to describe the loneliness and coldness of the environment after the death of an old friend, and write a delicate farewell feeling, which reflects the author's deep investment in friendship.
Third, high-definition artistic conception and bold style innovation.
1, the development of ci realm
Expanding the expressive function of ci and opening up the realm of poetry is the main direction of Su Shi's ci style reform. He expanded the traditional words expressing femininity into words expressing masculinity and lofty sentiments, and changed the traditional words expressing only love into words expressing temperament, so that the words fully expressed the author's temperament embrace and personality like poems. Such as: "Qinyuanchun? I left Michigan early and immediately sent my son: the lights in the lonely hall are green, the number of chickens in the wild shop is small, and the dream of traveling is incomplete. Gradually, the moonlight is closed, the morning frost is bitter, Yunshan is full of brocade, and the morning dew is full. The world is infinite, and labor and life are limited, which seems to be the happiness of this area. Whispering, I am speechless with Saddle, and the past is a thousand times. At that time, * * * was a guest in Chang 'an, like a teenager who had just arrived in Erlu. It's hard for you to write a thousand words and have thousands of books in your heart. Give up your life for others and hide in me. Why not sit by and watch? He was healthy, but he died when he was 10. He fought for the former. It not only shows his ideal of Yao Shun's life, but also shows his heroic and confident spirit when he was young, and also shows his complicated life feelings after his middle-aged career was frustrated.
2. Create a new heroic style of ci.
Su Shi's ci developed greatly in Mizhou period, and initially formed a bold style of ci. "Jiang? Hunting in Michigan and Shuidiao (? When did the moon begin to appear? ) and so on are masterpieces. ? When did the moon begin to appear? Ask heaven for wine. I don't know the palace in the sky, and I don't know the month and time. I'm willing to ride the wind to the sky, I'm afraid I can't stand the cold for nine days in a pavilion of fine jade. Dance to find out what shadows look like on the earth. The moon turned into a scarlet pavilion, hanging low on the carved window, shining on the sleepy self. There should be no hate, and nothing can be done. People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon will darken or shine, and it will become round or round. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away. ? The whole poem explores the philosophy of life and expresses brotherhood by asking for asking for the moon. Half empty? When did the moon begin to appear? 、? What year is tonight? Two sentences, asking questions and exploring, are the generation of extreme depression and frustration in real life; Then he wrote that he was dissatisfied with reality and tried to pursue purity in the sky. However, he can't leave this world after all, which shows his persistence in life. The second half? Why should it be different? In short, this is also a stupid question and exploration. It turns out that the clutch of life, like the profit and loss of the bright moon, is a defect that can never be changed and can never be remedied. But the poet did not get depressed from here, but ended up with an optimistic and open-minded wish: as long as people are there, even if they are thousands of miles apart, they can enjoy the same bright moon. Isn't that comforting? The whole word is shrouded in confusion and melancholy, but the realm of the word is broad and clear, which is rare among graceful ci writers. Su Shi's ci works in Mizhou period marked the initial maturity of bold ci style and opened up a new road for the development of ci.
Fourth, language innovation and melody breakthrough.
In language and temperament, it also embodies Su Shi's innovative spirit. Su Shi's? Poetry as a word? In fact, it is to strive for greater freedom for the language expression of words. Song poetry has a tendency of prose culture and pays attention to the flow of meaning, and the characteristics of words are uneven sentence patterns, so Su Shi can easily cast poetic language, literary language and spoken language on the style of words. Like the first sentence of Shui Longyin? Like flowers or not, no one regrets teaching? , the last sentence? In detail, it seems that it is not a flower, but a little bit is a tear? , even the man Fang Ting's first sentence? Come and go, where am I going? And the first sentence? Yunhe, where are you going? What about Ding Feng's last sentence? Should Lingnan be bad? However, is this peace of mind my hometown? Do not pay attention to concise words, dense images. The intonation formed by vocabulary is irregular, and conjunctions are often used, which is close to prose and even oral English. This language still has a sense of rhythm in the fixed tone format, but it is not very musical. But it also makes the language expression of words break away from the single mode and achieve the novel effect of swaying. The language of Su Ci mostly absorbs the words of poetry and fu, adopts both historical biography and spoken language, and is famous for its clearness and boldness, which has changed the previous fashion of poets choosing the wrong words with gold. Su Shi attaches importance to the literary life of ci, and he attaches importance to melody, but he is not limited to this.
Yes, literature is an important part of Su Shi's life, his spiritual home and the concentrated expression of his life significance. Su Ci has also become an immortal literary spirit, always inspiring and guiding those who trudge on the journey of life and bravely climb the peak between literary peaks. Su Shi, alone? Poetic? His thought and successful practice of Ci influenced the poets in Song Dynasty, and made Ci get rid of it? Humble? Status, and then developed into a representative of the Song Dynasty literature, and finally said with the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which made Song Ci go to an unprecedented peak and wrote a colorful page in the history of China literature. Su Shi's pioneering and innovative work in Ci will shine forever in the history of literature.
Brief introduction of Su Shi
Su Shi (103765438+1October 8? 1101August 24), the word Zizhan, and the word Zhongzhong, was named Dongpo layman, and was called Su Dongpo and Su Xian in history. Han nationality, a native of Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) and Luancheng, Hebei, was a famous writer, calligrapher and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. [1] [2] In the second year of Jiayou (1057), Su Shi was a scholar. Song Shenzong worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. Yuanfeng three years (1080), because? Wutai poetry case? Huang Zhou, who was framed and demoted, was appointed as Ying Yong's assistant ambassador. After Song Zhezong acceded to the throne, he was known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Dingzhou and other places. In his later years, he was exiled to Huizhou and Danzhou because of the ruling of the New Party. Song Huizong was granted amnesty and returned to the north, where he died. Song Gaozong posthumously awarded a surname, posthumous title? Wenzhong? . Su Shi is the representative of the highest literary achievement in Song Dynasty, and he has made great achievements in poetry, ci, writing, calligraphy and painting. His poems are broad in subject matter, fresh and healthy, good at exaggeration and metaphor, and unique in style, equal to Huang Tingjian? Su Huang? . Words are unconstrained style, and Xin Qiji is the representative of unconstrained style, saying? Su Xin? ; His prose writing is rich and unrestrained, comparable to Ouyang Xiu's. Ou Su? For what? Eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties? One; Su Shi is also good at books, for? Song Sijia? One; He is good at painting, especially at ink bamboo, strange stones and dead wood. There are seven episodes of Dongpo, Yi Zhuan of Dongpo and Yuefu of Dongpo.
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