How to write the outline of graduation thesis of optics major? Next, I take the outline of The New Theory Born under Hooke's Reference Sphere as an example to introduce the writing skills of the outline.
Thesis title: A new theory born under the concept of Hooke's reference sphere.
In the history of optical development, several scholars have made outstanding contributions. Among them, isaac newton (I Newton1642-1727) [1] thinks that light is a particle emitted by a luminous body, which is what people usually call a particle. By the beginning of the 20th century, Einstein and others [2] thought that light was a copy, and each copy was called optical quantum. Combining the research ideas of Newton and Einstein, the author thinks that a light quantum is an independent energy body, an energy body composed of finer energy particles in some way, and a geometric body with spatial form. In order not to introduce more new names, the author calls it the basic energy unit. Some scholars also call this energy unit particle Matt photon [3]. Huygens (C. Huygens, 1629- 1695) [4] put forward the viewpoint of spherical wave of light. What the author can't understand is: how does a light particle produce spherical waves, and what is the energy of a wavelet? I'm afraid neither the master of science nor the experts understand his specific description.
1 Optical radiation under natural conditions
It is impossible for us to measure and calculate the internal structure of a photon alone, at least in this era. Next, we can only describe the effect of indirectly interacting with particles (objects).
As shown in, it is assumed that these physical particles are in a stable state at room temperature (only physical particles at or near absolute zero can be in the ground state). When it does not absorb external energy, there is no energy leakage (radiation), and then it is in a temporary stable state. In this process, the light emitted by S passes through the lens L and shines on the transparent material, and the photon-1 passes through the narrow gap (vacuum area) between physical particles, and the photon -2 is absorbed by the physical particles; We assume that this idealized particle has the ability to absorb all photons in the energy band and radiate every absorbed photon completely (there is no residue in the particle). That is to say, the photons radiated by physical particles are exactly the same as those absorbed by them. Obviously, the particle has gone through two stages in this process: when it absorbs a photon, it jumps from the initial stable state to the high energy state, which is the rising stage of energy; And is extremely unstable at high energy. That is, it begins to consume energy, radiates photons from a high-energy state, and falls back to its original state. The two stages of energy absorption and energy dissipation experienced by particles are considered as the rise and fall of energy, which is referred to as particle energy fluctuation for short. The fluctuation of a particle's energy will always go through a period of time (even if it is short).
In this paper, it is assumed that particles emit photon-1 and then absorb photons with the same energy, and then radiate photon-2; The time of this process is called the first fluctuation (called period) of particle energy, which is represented by the symbol T. In this fluctuation period, the distance traveled by photons (in vacuum) is CT, that is, the distance between photons-1 and photons -2 is called the first fluctuation optical path (for the sake of intuition, it is assumed that two photons are on the same straight line here), which is represented by the symbol? 0 means.
In order to correspond to the classical theory, the fluctuation optical path is called fluctuation length, and the fluctuation length of light is compared with the wavelength of light wave in the classical concept [5]. 0 。 Because the fluctuation period of the interaction between photons with different energies and physical particles is different, the fluctuation length is? This is different. Obviously, there is a one-to-one correspondence between photon energy and fluctuation length. The reciprocal of the fluctuation period t is called fluctuation frequency (the fluctuation frequency of light is understood as the classical concept light wave frequency), which is represented by the symbol у, у = 1? T. To this end, the author compares the old and new concepts with a list:
Obviously, different colors (or energies) of light fluctuate at different times, and the fluctuation optical paths are also different. That is, the wave length of light is different. Photon energy and fluctuation length become single-valued correspondence.
2 new concepts and new ideas
2. 1 Hooke reference ball
When a photon radiates from a particle, the author assumes that the photon radiates along the spin tangent of the physical particle, so it has a velocity c at the moment it leaves the particle. In the history of science, Hooke (R. Hooke, 1635- 1703) [6] thinks that light is composed of rapid vibration, which can travel any distance in an instant or at a very high speed; Every vibration in a homogeneous medium will produce a sphere, which will expand steadily outward. Hooke believes that the behavior of light is like the propagation of sound in the air. However, modern research believes that light is a particle, and the direction OF photon movement is arbitrary and free, that is, the direction of photon movement may be OA, OB, OE and of? Or in the same direction. It is impossible for a photon to shoot in two or more directions at the same time. Because of the uncertainty of photon motion direction, the author designed a reference sphere with a mathematical model radius of R = Ct, and firmly believed that it (photon) would appear at a certain point on the sphere. This photon reference sphere is shown in the figure.
As a physical particle O that radiates energy (photons) outwards, it cannot radiate two or more photons at the same time, so only one photon appears on the spherical surface of the reference sphere. Because it is not under our specific control, it is impossible to determine its specific direction, so its movement direction is free orientation. After textual research, Hooke first put forward the concept of diffusion ball. Although the mathematical model conceived by the author is very different from the physical meaning described by Hooke, it is still proposed to name this photon reference sphere as photon Hooke reference sphere, or Hooke reference sphere for short.
2.2 Huygens envelope surface
Huygens (C. Huygens, 1629- 1695) put forward the concept of envelope surface and Huygens principle: every point a wave reaches can be regarded as a new wave source, and the waves emitted from these points are called wavelets; The new wavefront is the envelope of the position where these wavelets arrive at the same time. Huygens wavelet should actually be understood as Hooke diffusion sphere [6].
But is Huygens principle objective? The description of the object is inaccurate. For example, photons moving in a vacuum take the emission source as the reference point. It does not spread to outer space in the form of Huygens envelope, but in the form of Hooke reference sphere, as shown in the figure. Only when this photon is completely absorbed by a physical particle in space can it be completely radiated to produce a Hooke sphere, and this physical particle is the center of this Hooke reference sphere. Obviously, the envelope surface is formed by many Hooke reference spheres, so we get:
Every particle interacting with the envelope surface can be regarded as a new emission source or disturbance center, and Hooke balls emitted from these points are called sub-balls; The new envelope is the overlap of the positions where these secondary spheres arrive at the same time.
3 Summary and discussion
Hooke and Huygens' early theories all talked about pulses, not wave trains of a certain wavelength. Later mathematician Euler (L. Euler, 1707- 1783) [5] thought that each color in the spectrum must correspond to a certain light wavelength. This is the first basic mode of wave optics. It is not difficult to see that the word light wave is an artificial hypothesis.
Although there was experimental support later, the author combined Hooke's reference sphere model with Huygens' envelope concept, and made a more reasonable explanation for the experimental results of light interference, diffraction, refraction, reflection, polarization and holography [7- 1 1].
Physical meaning of the envelope surface: The author's analysis of Huygens' envelope surface assumes that the envelope surface spreads from point O in all directions at speed c, and it is known that the envelope surface at time t is a sphere with radius R 1. Using Huygens' principle and Yang Facheng's theory to find the envelope surface of (t+T) time. Every point on the S 1 plane can be regarded as a new disturbance source. They emit Hooke spheres with a radius of Ct in t time, and the envelopes of these Hooke reference spheres become new envelope surfaces S2 and S3, and the expansion directions of S2 and S3 are opposite (because the fluctuation time of photon energy acting on particles is very small, it can be ignored here).
4 conclusion
In a vacuum, a light particle appears on a sphere with the source point as the center and the radius as the product of the speed of light and time. This mathematical model is called Hooke reference sphere. The envelope of the position where two or more Hooke reference spheres arrive at the same time is called the envelope surface.
refer to
I'm Newton, Phil Trans. No 80 (February 1672), 3075.
[2] Ann Einstein. Doctor of physics. (4) . 17 ( 1905) , 132 ; 20 ( 1906) , 199 .
[3] Worship, the widespread existence of waves in nature and non-medium propagation, Matter regularity12 (3) 207-214 (2003).
[4] Chr。 Huygens, Tra Tedla Lumiere, Brighton Press, 1690.
[5] L. Euler, Opuscula varii argumenti, Berlin (1746), 169.
[6] Hooke, Microphotography. ( 1665) , 47 .
[7] D. Gabor, naturally, 16 1( 1948), 777; Go on. Roy. Socialist, a, 197( 1949), 454; Go on. Roy. Socialist, b, 64( 195 1), 449.
[8] D. Gabor, revised physics, 28( 1956), 260.
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