I. Overview of project research 1. What is project research? Project research is a process of exploring the objective laws of education by using scientific research methods, and it is also a process of improving teachers' quality and teaching quality by understanding the laws of education. Scientific research in primary and secondary schools must adhere to the school-based principle and closely integrate with the reality of schools, teachers and students. 2. Characteristics of the study: systematic, planned and multifactorial. Normality is different from pure empirical behavior. Holiness is not an independent issue. Regularity, try to conform to the law of education. Innovation, innovation in theory and practice. 3. The relationship between project research and routine teaching and research: Primary and secondary school teachers should take routine teaching and research activities as the main research form. Regular teaching and research activities should be attended by everyone, and the research of the subject need not pursue everyone's participation. Project research must be closely combined with regular teaching and research activities, and there can be no "two skins" out of line. 4. The positive role of project research: promoting teachers' professional development (from experienced teachers to research teachers). Promote the improvement of school education quality and the formation of school-running characteristics. 5. Problems in scientific research in primary and secondary schools: lack of scientific research awareness; Teachers are generally afraid of difficulties; Don't know how to start; Formalism is serious; The content of the research is divorced from the actual work. Utilitarianism is serious. 6. Topic types Educational and scientific research topics can be classified from various angles. From the nature of research, scientific research topics can be divided into theoretical topics and applied topics. The exploration of educational laws, the study of methodology, the revelation of the characteristics of related phenomena, and the analysis of some educational ideas and thoughts are all theoretical topics. Generally, this kind of topic is not aimed at a specific educational phenomenon, and its research results have extensive guiding significance. Such as "Building Campus Culture with Rural Characteristics" and "Theoretical and Practical Research on the Professional Construction of Primary and Secondary School Teachers"; Aiming at the specific practice of education, the research to solve specific problems in a certain field or aspect in educational practice belongs to applied research. For example, "research and experiment on the construction of interactive teaching mode between teachers and students" and "research on the cultivation and evaluation of aesthetic ability in Chinese teaching". The results of applied research can generally be directly used in educational practice. Second, the topic source The topic of educational research mainly comes from two aspects: educational practice and theoretical literature. Specifically, the research topic can be selected from the following six aspects. From the practical work, every educator has his own tasks and responsibilities. How to improve work efficiency? There are many topics worth studying here. For example, Chinese and foreign language teachers study how to improve students' listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities; Mathematics teachers study and cultivate students' logical thinking ability; Chemistry teachers study and cultivate students' experimental skills; School education administrators study how to plan and manage school development scientifically. Find a topic from your own work and study it. Educators from work difficulties will encounter all kinds of difficulties in educational practice, and there will be some shortcomings in their work, some of which are universal. Solving these problems is of great significance for improving the quality of education. For example, under the background of the new curriculum, how to evaluate teachers' work and how to identify students' learning ability are all problems before us, and there is no scientific answer so far. As school administrators and teachers, how to make effective plans is a very meaningful topic. From the perspective of educational reform, educational reform and educational development will encounter many new situations and problems, and many research topics will be formed. For example, the research on the transformation of students' learning style, the construction of new curriculum teaching mode, the reform of principal responsibility system and so on. The research of these topics can not only provide scientific decision-making basis for educational administrative departments, but also help to solve micro-education problems. Judging from the summary of experience, many educators have accumulated rich and valuable educational experience from educational practice. But it is often fragmentary, unconscious and not scientifically tested. Therefore, these experiences are often used by individuals in their own work and have not been popularized and applied. If we use the method of experience summary or experiment to test and summarize scientifically, and abstract and summarize the theory, it will become a scientific research achievement. For example, "unit teaching method" and "experiment teaching method while talking" are all obtained through these channels. Educators from educational phenomena will find and form valuable research topics if they can seriously think about some educational phenomena and conduct in-depth investigations in practice. For example, the problem of left-behind children in rural areas is very prominent. How to carry out mental health education for students is a very confusing problem for schools, class teachers and teachers. "Left-behind children" is a common phenomenon and a serious problem. As educators, how to strengthen their mental health education in combination with the usual moral education can be studied as a topic. From the topic guide, every five-year plan of the superior scientific research department has a topic research guide, and we can choose some topics as our research topics according to the actual situation of the school. In addition, as a primary school, we don't have special research ability and can't undertake some large-scale project research, but we can apply to become an experimental base school or directly participate in sub-project research. Third, research methods. In addition to philosophical methods and general scientific methods, any scientific research must also have specific research methods and technical means. Here are some research methods. Investigation is a method to collect relevant materials about the actual situation of the research object through questionnaires and interviews, so as to find problems and explore laws. The basic steps are as follows: selecting the survey object → determining the survey object → selecting the survey method → making the survey plan → conducting the survey → analyzing the survey data → writing the survey report. Literature research method is a research method to find out the essential attributes of things by consulting, analyzing and sorting out literature. Literature includes books and magazines, electronic resources, archives, conference materials, etc. The basic steps are: establishing the subject → collecting the literature → reading the literature and taking notes → analyzing the literature → drawing conclusions and refining opinions. Experimental method refers to the experimental method of natural science, and adopts "hypothesis-verification" activity in educational practice. The basic steps are: putting forward the research hypothesis → selecting the experimental object → pre-testing → starting the experiment → post-testing → statistically analyzing the test results → writing the experimental report. Case teaching method is a process of finding out some active educational methods on the basis of understanding, understanding and analysis with specific cases, examples and lessons as the research objects. The basic steps are as follows: establishing a case → presenting the process of the case → analyzing and diagnosing the case → summarizing and drawing inspiration. Action research method Action research is a reflective research conducted by participants in the social situation (educational situation) in order to improve their rational understanding of social (educational) practice and strengthen their understanding of practical activities and the background on which they depend. Steps: Plan → Action → Observation → Reflection. Action research can be understood as finding a topic from the actual work needs, and conducting research with the participation of practical workers or researchers in the actual work process, so that the research results can be understood, mastered and applied by practical workers, thus solving practical problems and changing social behavior. To achieve "no action, no research, no research, no action" Narrative research method The so-called narrative research is a research method that grasps the story characteristics of human experience and presents the research results in the form of stories. Its basic steps are: determining the research question → selecting the research object → conducting observation interviews (describing events) → sorting out and analyzing data → writing a research report (teaching reflection). Narrative research can let teachers see the meaning of common things. By describing what problems they have encountered, how to treat them and how to solve them, let them reflect on their educational life, improve their educational practice and rebuild their educational life in reflection. It must be noted that in education and scientific research, it is difficult to obtain scientific research results only by using a single method, and each method has its advantages and limitations. Using a single method, only part of the information can be obtained, and many other useful information is omitted, so it is difficult to make a comprehensive and accurate conclusion. Therefore, it is advocated to use one method comprehensively, or to use several methods together, or to study with one method as the main and other methods as the auxiliary. For example, when conducting an investigation, we mainly obtain a large amount of data through questionnaires, but we also need to supplement them with interviews to make the conclusions more reliable and informative. Fourthly, the research process of the project is the key to its success. The self-management of the research team is the key to the implementation of the research process. 1. Make an annual research plan. What is the focus of research every year, how many seminars are held, what research results are formed, and what to do next. Wait a minute. The annual plan can be simple, not as complicated as the research plan. Compare the plan at the end of the year to see how the research work is progressing. Each member should have a personal research plan, or it can be very simple. 2. What are the key points and key issues in finding key topics for research? Decompose key points and key issues, thus reducing the research difficulty. What can the research group accomplish? What measures are taken to complete the research focus? 3, combined with daily work to carry out research activities. Classroom teaching observation and discussion activities: such as teaching evaluation by teaching and research group, participation in municipal discipline teaching competition, etc. Learning activities of educational theory and policy: such as learning a theoretical basis of this topic, learning curriculum standards, learning excellent teaching methods, observing and learning electronic courses, etc. Conduct special discussions within the research group. Each member can design a seminar, determine the theme and form, and be responsible for the whole organization. Organize paper writing. If thesis writing really becomes a research activity, it can't just complete task-based plagiarism and piecing together. Organize the exchange of results. Such as: mutual revision of papers and teaching plans; Organize school-based performance reporting classes; Organize the inter-project achievement display in the school (the work of the teaching department). Communicate and discuss with off-campus experts. Give play to the role of expert seal and peer assistance. 4, do a good job in the annual summary, invite experts to stage demonstration. 5. Pay attention to accumulating research data. Conference materials, teaching plan materials, class (case) materials, paper materials, learning and training materials, research materials, etc. The research group should establish project files. 6. Go out to learn and communicate. We should communicate with our own research topics and consult our peers. 7, often published results. Publication in magazines, choice of academic activities, online publication, etc. The organization and implementation of the research on intransitive verbs is the central link of implementing the research plan and implementation plan, the basis of obtaining first-hand materials and the link between theory and practice. At this stage, we should do the following work well: (1) Organize the opening report meeting. After the establishment of the project, the project leader should call the members of the research group (or invite relevant experts, school leaders and other teachers as needed) and hold the opening report meeting, which will be made by the project leader to further clarify the purpose, significance, methods and steps of the research and their respective responsibilities and tasks. In a sense, the opening report meeting is a mobilization meeting for the research, which marks the official start of the research work. (2) Theoretical and technical training, education and scientific research must be supported by certain theoretical knowledge. Through theoretical study, researchers can master the methods and steps of research, understand the purpose and significance of research, and control the goal and direction of research. At the same time, the corresponding research technology is also the basic guarantee to complete the research task. For example, in the research of new curriculum education measurement and evaluation, researchers must have knowledge of educational theory, metrology and statistics, and must master scientific research methods and technical means such as data processing and sample analysis. (3) Holding a regular meeting is a collective research based on individual research. Therefore, it is necessary to exchange the gains and experiences in the research process through regular meetings, reflect the problems and difficulties encountered in the research process, explore ways and methods to solve problems, and put forward new opinions and suggestions, just like preparing lessons collectively. At the same time, through regular meetings, collect and sort out some original data and recommend some research strategies. (4) Do a good job of summarizing the stages. Most of the research is carried out in stages, and each stage has its own research focus. According to the relevant regulations of project research management, each stage or every year requires a stage or annual summary, summing up experiences and lessons, and defining the focus of the next stage. First of all, the experimental teacher should make a personal summary. After a stage or a year of research, researchers and experimental teachers are required to seriously review the previous research work and truthfully present their personal gains, experiences, understandings, doubts and personal growth during the research process; Secondly, the research group should conscientiously make a phased summary. On the basis of all experimental teachers and researchers' careful review and reflection on the preliminary work, we should * * sum up the achievements of this stage or this year's research, summarize and refine the education and teaching experience in theoretical and practical exploration, carefully dissect the problems existing in the research process, * * * study the countermeasures to solve problems and difficulties, and clarify the research tasks for the next stage. Third, sort out the results of the stage. According to the type of research topic, corresponding cases, reports, papers, etc. It is to enrich the project files and prepare for the formation of the final scientific research results and the acceptance of the project. V. Form of research results In the project research implementation plan, the form of research results should also be designed, that is, the final research conclusion and the expression form of research results. Research reports and papers are two main forms of educational research results, and research results can also be written into monographs, teaching materials, manuals and so on. Smaller projects can be written in the form of final results, and larger projects should have stage results in addition to the final results, and the final stage results should be integrated into the final results. Or break a larger project into several subprojects, the result of each subproject and the result of the whole project. From the researcher's point of view, designing the form of research results in the research plan can make it clear what form to express the research results in the future, so as to accumulate materials according to the division of labor and prepare for the conclusion from the beginning. (1) The manifestations of educational scientific research achievements are various, and different research tasks have different manifestations of research achievements. Generally speaking, there are two main forms of educational scientific research achievements, one is educational scientific research report, and the other is educational paper. According to the different contents and methods of educational research, there are different types of educational research reports, including empirical research reports and literature research reports. An empirical research report is a report that uses empirical methods to study and describe the research results or progress, such as an investigation report written for an educational problem, an experimental report written after a scientific experiment on an educational phenomenon, and an experience summary report written after summing up the education and teaching experience of a school. These reports are based on the materials obtained from direct investigation, analyzing the research methods and processes, finding out the regular things, pointing out the existing problems and drawing corresponding conclusions. Literature research report refers to the report of literature research, such as the report of literature textual research in educational research. This kind of research report pays attention to the analysis, comparison and synthesis of documents, shows the process of document textual research, and indicates the source and reliability of documents. Educational research papers are theoretical articles in which educational researchers systematically and specially study and discuss some educational phenomena and problems, put forward new viewpoints, draw new conclusions, or make new explanations and arguments from a new angle. It should be pointed out that scientific research reports and papers are different in content requirements and expression forms. Generally speaking, the paper is concise, and only highlights the most important, exciting and creative content of research and work. Scientific research reports are not limited to new or creative contents, but the important processes, methods and links of the whole research work can be included. The content of the paper contains more reasoning elements, and the scientific research report should be based on data and facts. Of course, there is no clear boundary between scientific research reports and papers. As far as its nature and function are concerned, it is a record and summary of scientific research achievements. It can be said that it is a theoretical research report with theoretical analysis as the main research method, such as original investigation report, experimental report and experience summary report. , but also the paper itself. (2) Writing methods of educational scientific research reports and papers. The educational investigation report is a written material formed after investigating certain educational phenomena. The description of the investigation report generally has the following components: the title generally summarizes the whole content through concise, accurate and distinctive words, and points out the scope of the investigation. The introduction briefly explains the purpose, significance, time, place, object and scope of the investigation, explains the methods of the investigation and reports the main contents of the investigation, so that readers can have an overall understanding of the investigation report; Or ask questions that the society, teachers and students care about and need to be investigated urgently to attract attention. This is the main part of the investigation report. In this part, we should summarize the analysis of a large number of materials obtained in the investigation into several items to describe them, so that the data are conclusive, the cases are typical, the materials are reliable and the views are clear. In order to increase vividness and make it clear at a glance, some data are represented by charts as much as possible. On the basis of scientific analysis of the text, the discussion or suggestion can further expound the results in theory, discuss some problems in depth, show their own views and put forward constructive opinions and suggestions. Conclusion Through logical reasoning, we can draw a conclusion. That is, simply explain what problems have been investigated, what results have been achieved and what problems have been explained. The above parts can be arranged flexibly and combined appropriately when writing, and it is not necessary to cover everything. Education experiment report Education experiment report is a written material that objectively and generally reflects the whole process and results of education experiment after the end of education experiment. The basic structure of the experimental report is as follows. The topic reflects the objects, fields, methods and problems of educational experiments with concise, general and clear sentences. The introduction briefly explains the source, background, experimental progress, experimental objects and scale of the experimental topic, and explains the practical significance of solving this topic. Experimental method This is one of the main contents of the experimental report. The purpose is to make people know under what conditions and circumstances, by what methods and according to what facts, so as to judge the scientific nature of experimental research and the authenticity and reliability of the results. And can be repeatedly verified accordingly. Experimental results The most important thing in experimental results is to present data and typical cases. The data should be strictly verified and the chart format should be correct. Typical examples should make people better understand the experimental results and make the experiment more convincing. The conclusion is a summary of the whole experiment. The conclusion must be careful, the language should be accurate and concise, and the reasoning should be strict and logical. Analysis and discussion is to analyze and discuss the problems related to the experimental results by using the theory of education and teaching. An educational thesis is an article that discusses or studies educational issues. Its basic structure is: the title reflects the most important specific content in the article with concise and exact words, which requires accuracy, appropriateness, conciseness, eye-catching standardization and easy retrieval. Signature means that the author declares that he owns the copyright of the paper and is willing to take responsibility for it, so that readers can contact the author conveniently. Signature includes work unit and contact information. The work unit should write the full name, including the name and postal code of the city where it is located. Abstract (or English abstract) is a brief statement without comments and notes on the content of the paper, and it is a high summary of the content of the article. The main contents include the purpose, research methods and research results of this research work. Keywords keywords are words, phrases or terms extracted from papers to meet the needs of document indexing or retrieval, which represent the information items of the full text theme. Generally list 3-8 words. The text is the main body of the paper, and it is the core part to prove the argument and express the conclusion with arguments. Generally, it includes theoretical analysis, research methods, result analysis and discussion. Writing must be realistic, objective, accurate, clear and logical. References in the paper should indicate the place where they appear in the paper whenever the viewpoints, data and materials in the published documents of predecessors (including the author's own past) are quoted, and the list of references is not listed in the paper. Description format is generally: index item serial number, author, book title [M], version (not marked in the first edition), place of publication, publishing house, year of publication: page numbers. 6. After the completion of the applied research, the subject will be identified by the competent department of applied research. Its main working procedures are as follows: sending appraisal materials including research reports, work reports, appraisal applications, reports on the use of funds, papers, works, case collections, student portfolios, award-winning certificates and related audio-visual products. Generally, the competent unit shall organize peer experts to meet the project unit for appraisal, put forward amendments after corresponding appraisal procedures, write the conclusion or appraisal conclusion of the project, fill in the appraisal book, and issue the achievement appraisal certificate and conclusion certificate.