―― Excerpted from Lv Buwei's Lv Chunqiu? 6? 1 Xiaoyou? 6? 1 You must "participate" by yourself.
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① Confucius (5565438 BC+0-479 BC): Qiu Ming, whose real name was Zhong Ni, was born in Lu Yi (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a famous thinker and educator in ancient China and the founder of Confucianism. According to legend, there are 3000 disciples and 72 disciples of saints, who are ancient literature collators. They compose poems and write books, order rites and music, and preface Zhouyi with Chunqiu. 2 escape: rush. ③ Savage: A farmer. ④ Zigong: Confucius' student, surnamed Duanmu, given by name, Zigong, patriotic and good at rhetoric. Say (shuì): persuade, persuade. ⑤ Finished talking: All the words have been finished. Bi: OK. Remarks: Text. ⑥ Me: People from remote areas. 7 debate: I understand. 8 independence: no, there is no item: just now. Pet-name ruby Lv Buwei (? -235 years ago), a native of Puyang (now Puyang South, Henan Province) at the end of the Warring States Period. He was a big businessman in Yangzhai at first, and was later appointed as Qin Xiang by Qin Xianggong. Wang Zheng, the king of Qin, acceded to the throne when he was young, replacing Guo Xiang, nicknamed "Guan Zhong", and taking charge of the real power of Qin. After Qin took office, he was dismissed from office for fear of suicide and moved to Shu County. ⑩ Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: compiled by scholars in power, with a total of 26 volumes, including 65,438+02 chapters, 6 articles in 8 mirrors and 65,438+060 articles in * * *, which is the representative work of pre-Qin philosophers. The content is mainly Confucianism and Taoism, and also covers the words such as name, law, ink, agriculture, yin and yang, which combines the theories of pre-Qin philosophers and provides a theoretical basis for Qin to unify the world and govern the country at that time.
N knowledge hook Xuan
[interchangeable words]
say
Say that you are happy; Such as "savage talk".
【 Ancient and modern different meanings 】
extremist
Common meaning today: refers to uncivilized people. The ancient meaning in the text: people who farm, farmers; For example, "a savage took his horse."
An uneducated person
Today's common meaning: if you are modest, call yourself. Ancient meaning in the text: refers to people in remote areas; For example, "I fired Confucius."
argue
Today's common meaning: debate. The ancient meaning in the text: Qing; For example, "it is also true to argue."
[Polysemy]
line
(1) verb, walk; For example, "Confucius took a rest in the streets." A threesome requires a teacher. (《lt； The Analects of Confucius > 6)
(2) verbs, doing things; For example, "if you are empty, you will mess up what you are doing." ("Born in sorrow and died in happiness")
(3) verb, running; Such as "the trip to the sun and the moon, if it is out of its territory." ("Looking at the Sea")
have a rest
(1) verb, rest; For example, "Confucius took a rest in the streets."
(2) Verb, exclamation; For example, "The foolish old man in Beishan sleeps in peace" ("The foolish old man moves mountains")
(3) verb, calm down; For example, "people flying in the sky look at the peak and rest in their hearts." (A letter with Zhu)
please
(1) verb, request; Such as "Zigong, please say it." "Although the old woman is weak, please come back at night." (Stone Trencher)
(2) Verb, excuse me, ask for instructions; For example, "I have nothing to ask for in the bone marrow." ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong")
material
(1) verb, serve; For example, "I fired Confucius."
(2) Nouns and things; For example, "if you want to eliminate disasters for saints, you are willing to decline and cherish the old." ("Moving to the left to show my grandnephew")
get
(1) verb, yes; For example, "Why can't my horse eat a child's grain?".
(2) verbs, get, for example, "if you get it, you will live, and if you get it, you will die." ("I want what I want")
single
(1) adverb, eh, eh; Such as "an independent person!"
(2) adverbs, only, only; For example, "and I live by catching snakes alone." ("The Snake Catcher said")
towards
(1) adverb, just now, soon; For example, "an independent person."
2 nouns, once upon a time, once upon a time; Such as "I don't care about my life." ("I want what I want")
and
(1) verb, give; Such as "untie the horse and deal with it." "If you succeed, beggars will despise you." . ("I want what I want")
(2) prepositions, with, with; For example, "When Chen She was young, he tried to farm with people." . (The Chen She Family)
Flexible use of parts of speech
Verbs are used as causative verbs.
"Bi" in "Bici" is the causative usage of verbs, namely "finish" and "finish"; This clause can be translated as "all that needs to be said".
[classical Chinese sentence pattern]
1. ellipsis
(1) Omit the subject
① Omit the subject "horse" before "man-eating crops", that is, "(horse) man-eating crops"; (His horse) ran into the field and ate other people's crops.
(2) omit the subject "I" before "because I am called a savage", that is, "(I) because I am called a savage"; This clause can be translated as "He said to the farmer".
(2) Omitting the object
Omitting the object "zhi" after "savage doesn't listen" means "savage doesn't listen"; The clause can be translated as "that farmer doesn't listen to Zi Gong".
(3) Omitting prepositions
In Confucius walks and rests, the preposition "Yu" is omitted after the predicate verb "Xing", that is, "Confucius walks and rests"; Confucius walked (tired) and rested on the road.
2. Attributive postposition
In "I open the hole", "I open the hole" is the attribute of "I", and the normal word order of this clause is "I open the hole"; There was a vulgar man who had just studied with Confucius.
3. Adverbial Postposition
The prepositional phrases "Yu Donghai" and "Yu Xihai" are adverbials of the predicate verb "Geng" respectively, and the normal word order of these two clauses is "Yu Zi Donghai, I am Yu Xihai"; These two clauses can be translated as "You don't farm in the East China Sea, I don't farm in the West Sea".
translate
Confucius walked (tired) and rested on the road. His horse broke free and ran to the field to eat other people's crops. The farmer took the horse away. His student Zi Gong (famous for his eloquence) asked to persuade the farmer, but he said everything and the farmer wouldn't listen. A layman who had just learned from Confucius said, "Please let me talk to him." He said to the farmer, "You don't plow in the East China Sea, and I don't plow in the West Sea. How can my horse not eat your crops? " The farmer listened and said, "if only I could speak as clearly as you, how can I be like that man just now!" " "Untie the reins of the horse and give it to him.
Appreciation opinion
Different classes, different races, different occupations and different regions all have their specific cultural characteristics. As the saying goes, "When you go up the mountain, do as the Romans do, and you can't judge the new situations and problems you encounter by existing knowledge and experience. To communicate with others, we should understand each other's cultural characteristics, such as race, culture, age, occupation and region, find a platform for dialogue and exchange, and communicate with familiar things and principles, so as to succeed. Confucius' favorite pupil, Zi Gong, is eloquent and limited to intellectuals or the upper class. If he is allowed to communicate with an illiterate farmer, he will definitely quote the classics, "Confucius said" and "Poetry Cloud" to explain the truth thoroughly and say all the good things, but the horse didn't come back, and the vulgar people only said a word and the horse would come back. It can be seen that dialogue is artistic, and only the other party can accept it.