After mastering these basic methods, when you need to meet different groups in your work, you can get familiar with them as soon as possible and identify and identify them. To identify and identify a group, we must first be familiar with the basic knowledge about the group, understand some common characteristics and their changes in group classification, understand the meaning of some common terms, and master the use of key tables. Taking Insecta as an example, this paper introduces how to search for various purposes.
First, the basic knowledge of Insecta
Insecta is a major class of Arthropoda, which is characterized by the separation of body, chest and abdomen. The head has a pair of antennae; There are three pairs of appendages (feet) in the chest, and most species also have two pairs of wings.
Second, the main characteristics commonly used in the classification of Insecta
Insecta is the first outline of the animal kingdom, which contains about/kloc-0.0 million known species. Generally, according to the presence, quantity, texture and type of wings; The type of metamorphosis; According to the forms of mouthparts, antennae and pectoral feet, insects are divided into two subclasses and more than 30 orders.
(A) the metamorphosis of insects
Insect larvae just hatched from eggs are generally not exactly the same as adults, and sometimes they are far apart. In the process of growth and development before reaching sexual maturity, insects not only gradually become larger, but also undergo a series of changes in morphology, internal structure, physiological functions and behavior habits before they can develop into adults. This change is called metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is one of the important characteristics of insect post-embryonic development. Common exception types are:
1. Incomplete metamorphosis worms can develop into adults after hatching from eggs. Incomplete metamorphosis can be divided into gradual metamorphosis and semi-metamorphosis:
The larva of (1) Pauromobola is similar to the adult in morphology, with the same living environment and lifestyle, but different in size, immature in sex organs and still in the wing bud stage, and is usually called nymph. This metamorphosis is called gradual metamorphosis (Figure 5-2A), such as locusts.
(2) There are great differences in morphology between semi-metamorphosed larvae and adults. In addition to wing buds, there are some temporary organs (such as the predatory organ "mask" composed of lower lip, rectal gill or tracheal gill) with different living environments (larvae are aquatic and adults are terrestrial). This larva is called naiad. This kind of metamorphosis is called semi-metamorphosis, and the metamorphosis of Mayflies and Dragonflies falls into this category (Figure 5-3).
2. After the eggs hatch, the fully metamorphosed worms develop into adults through larvae and pupae (Figure 5-2B). Larvae and adult are not only completely different in shape and without exogenous wing buds, but also have different lifestyles and living environments. In addition, they must go through a motionless pupa stage, undergo drastic changes in their bodies, and finally appear as adults. Completely abnormal larvae have many names, such as caterpillars, grubs, maggots and so on. Insects belonging to complete metamorphosis include LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPTERA, HYMENOPTERA, etc.
Lower insects (wingless subclass) have no wings, while most adults (winged subclass) have two pairs of wings in the middle chest and back chest. In winged subclass, parasitic species (such as lice, fleas, etc. ) often degenerate wings, which are secondary wingless; A few species also have wingless forms (such as some aphids and water strider of Hemiptera). With the different lifestyles and living environments, wings have also undergone great changes. The common types are as follows.
1. Membrane wings are membranous, thin and transparent, with clearly visible wing veins, such as the front and rear wings of bees and the rear wings of locusts.
2. Leather wings are leathery, slightly thick and elastic, translucent, and the wing veins are still visible, such as the front wings of ORTHOPTERA insects (locusts and crickets). The front wing (skin wing) of Orthoptera insects covers the back wing and the back of abdomen when not flying, which is also called compound wing.
3. COLEOPTERA wings are horny, thick and hard, opaque, and their veins are invisible, such as the front wings of COLEOPTERA beetles.
4. The base of Hemiptera is thick, hard and horny; The terminal is thin and transparent, membranous and veined, such as the forelegs of salamanders.
5. Scaly wings are membranous, and the surface is covered with scales made of fur, such as butterfly wings.
6. Hairy wings are membranous and covered with bristles, such as those of insects (stonefly).
7. The tassel wing is membranous, long and narrow, with tassel-like bristles on the edge, such as the wing of thrips.
8. Balance the hind wings of Diptera insects (mosquitoes, flies, etc.). ) have degenerated into a pair of sticks.
9. The front wings of male Diptera insects are characterized by slender twisted sticks.
(3) Antennas of insects (Figure 5-5)
Insects have a pair of antennae on their heads. Different insects, or individuals of different sexes of the same insect, have different antenna shapes. But the basic structure is still composed of three sections: handle section, stem section and whip section. However, the whip joint is often composed of several sections, and its shape changes greatly. The naming of various antennae often depends on the shape of the whip joint. The following are some common antenna types.
1. The whip joint of the bristle antenna is as slender as a bristle, such as the antenna of dragonfly, damselfly and cicada.
2. The whip nodes of the filiform antenna are slender and have no special changes, such as locusts. In some species, it is as slender as silk, such as the tentacles of flies and crickets.
3. Each section of the rosary antenna whip is spherical, such as the tentacles of termites.
4. There is a short corner protruding from the end of each section of the sawtooth antenna whip, so the overall shape is like a saw blade, such as kowtowing insects and scorpions.
5. There is a long protrusion at the end of each section of the whip joint of comb antenna, which is comb-shaped, such as the female insects of some beetles and moths.
6. Feather-shaped (double comb-shaped) antennae have slender protrusions at the two corners at the end of each whip joint, so the overall shape is like feathers, such as the antennae of male silkworm moths.
7. The knee antenna bends an angle between the whip joint and the handle joint. Such as the tentacles of ants and bees.
8. There is only one whip node with awn antennae, which is hypertrophy and has awn bristles on it, such as the antennae of flies.
9. Attach a ring of bristles near the base of each ring-shaped antenna whip, such as the antenna of male mosquitoes and chironomids.
10. The two ends of the whip joint of the rod antenna gradually expand slightly, like a baseball bat, such as a butterfly antenna.
1 1. The terminal section of the whip section of the hammer-shaped (head-shaped) antenna suddenly swells strongly, such as fish tail worm and Guo Gong worm.
12. Each section of the whip joint of gill antenna has sheet-like protrusions, which overlap and look like gill pieces, such as the antenna of scarab.
(4) the mouthparts of insects
Due to different lifestyles (especially eating habits), there are various forms of insect mouthparts, and the common ones are as follows:
1. Chewing mouthparts (Figure 5-6) are the most primitive mouthparts, which are suitable for feeding on solid food, such as the mouthparts of locusts. It consists of five parts:
(1) An upper lip, located in front of the mouthparts, can prevent food from leaking from the front.
(2) A pair of maxillae, located behind the upper lip, are hard and have incisors and molars, which are suitable for cutting and chewing food.
(3) A pair of jaws (small jaws) located behind the upper jaw, whose main function is to hold food.
(4) A piece of the lower lip is located at the rearmost side of the mouthparts to prevent food from leaking backwards.
(5) Tongue is a long and narrow protrusion on the bottom wall of oral cavity between upper and lower jaws, which has the functions of controlling taste and stirring food.
2. Needle-suction mouthparts (Figure 5-7) Each part of the mouthparts extends into a needle shape, and they support each other to form a needle tube for sucking liquids, such as mouthparts of mosquitoes and cicadas.
3. Chewing and sucking mouthparts (Figure 5-8) The upper jaw is toothed for chewing pollen, and the rest of the lower jaw, tongue and lower lip are extended and closed to form a food tube suitable for sucking, such as the mouthparts of bees.
4. Siphon mouthparts (Figure 5-9) Most mouthparts are degraded. Only the external jaw joint of the mandible is elongated, folded left and right into a tube, which can be elongated when used, and coiled into a hair band when not used. Like the mouthparts of butterflies.
5. The upper and lower jaws of the mouthparts (Figure 5- 10) degenerate, but extend from a part of the head shell and lower lip to the base beak and beak. There is a groove in the front wall of the latter, and the upper lip and tongue can be hidden in the groove, and they are closed into a food tube. There is a lip at the end of the beak, and there are many false trachea on the lip, which can suck liquid food or flow saliva from the saliva tube in the tongue to dissolve solids.
In addition to the above forms, there are scraping suction devices (gadfly) and file suction devices (thrips).
According to the position of mouthparts in the head, the head types of insects can be divided into protruding type, lower mouth type and back mouth type. The head shape of Prognathous means that the mouthparts are located at the front end of the head, the lower mouthparts are located directly below the ventral surface, and the rear mouthparts are located at the rear side of the ventral surface.
(5) Insect's feet (Figure 5- 1 1)
An insect has a pair of feet in its front chest, middle chest and back chest. Chest and foot are composed of six segments, namely basal segment, trochanteric segment, thigh, tibia, tarsal bone and anterior tarsal bone. Due to different functions, the feet have also changed accordingly.
1. Walking feet are slender, without special changes, suitable for walking or scurrying, such as cockroach feet and walking nails.
2. The thigh joint of the jumping foot is long and thick, the medial muscle is developed, and the tibial joint is also long and prickly, which is suitable for jumping, such as the hind feet of locusts and crickets.
3. Grab the front legs with your feet like a mantis. The basal segment grows up; Leg joints are developed, with grooves on the ventral surface and thorns on both sides of the grooves; There are also two rows of thorns on the ventral surface of tibiofibular joint. When it bends, it coincides with the groove of the leg joint, so it can effectively catch prey and prey.
4. Dig your front foot like a mole. The base node is thick and short; The leg joints are thick, directly connected to the base joints, and the small joints are pressed behind; The tibial joint is flat and powerful, with four developed teeth at the end; The tarsal joint has three segments, which are inserted outside the tibial joint and are toothed.
Swimming feet are like the hind feet of pine algae insects. Tibial joints and tarsal joints are flat, with long hair on the edge, suitable for swimming.
6. Grab your feet like a male louse's front foot. Its tarsal joint is divided into five segments, the first three segments are widened and juxtaposed into a disk with hairy edges. Each section has multiple rows of horizontal suction cups, the last two sections are small, and there are two claws at the end.
7. A pink foot is like a bee's hind foot. Each node has long hair, the end of the tibia is flat and wide, the back is smooth and concave, and the edge has long hair, forming a pollen basket; The tarsal joint is divided into five sections. The first section is enlarged, and there are rows of bristles on the inside, which can comb the pollen stuck to the body hair. The gap between tibiofibular joint and tarsal joint is powder pressure.
8. Climb a foot like a tick. Its tibiofibular joints, tarsal joints and claws can be folded to accommodate hair.
Thirdly, search various orders of Insecta.
We have introduced the key table and its making method. Now, taking Insecta as an example, this paper introduces how to retrieve insect specimens into its order according to the following retrieval table (Table 5-6).
There are 1, 2, 3 ... numbers in the retrieval table, and there are two opposite feature descriptions after each number. After identifying insects, check from the number. 1, and if two opposite features are consistent with the identified insect, continue to search according to the number pointed out at the back of the article until the item is found. For example, if the identified insect conforms to the "winged" article inNo. 1, and the number indicated at the back of this article is 23, check No.23 again. If the "winged" in No.23 is consistent with the identified specimen, check it according to the number (24) indicated later until the name of the xx destination is indicated later.
Table 5-6 Key to Insect (Adult) Suborders
1. No wings, or extremely degraded (2)
Wing pair 2 or 1 pair (23)
2. No sensation, larvae, head and chest healed, parasitic in insects such as Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, etc., only the head and chest exposed the foot of the host abdominal segment, and the head and chest did not heal, so it was not parasitic on insects (3)
3. The abdomen has other appendages (4) besides genitals and tail whiskers.
There are no appendages except the abdomen, genitals and tail whiskers.
4. No tentacles; Abdomen 12, 1 ~ 3 each have 1 pair of short appendages with tentacles (original feet), abdomen 1 1 at most (5).
5. There are 6 abdominal segments at most, 1 abdominal segment has an abdominal tube, the third abdominal segment has a gripper, and the fourth or fifth abdominal segment has a bifurcated slingshot (collembola). There are more than 6 abdominal segments, but there are 6 paired spines or vesicles without the above appendages.
6. Have a pair of long segmented tails or a hard unsegmented tail. Diplura has a long and segmented middle tail besides a pair of tail whiskers, and Thysanura has a compound eye.
7. Chewing (8)
Oral puncture or sucking, siphoning, etc. ( 18)
8. A pair of tail whiskers (or tail clips) are arranged at the end of the abdomen (9)
Abdominal tailless beard (15)
9. Dermatoptera with a hard and unsegmented tail.
The tail is not a hairpin (10)
10. The first tarsal joint of the forefoot is extremely large, which can be used to rotate the foot (Embiidina).
The first tarsal joint of the forefoot is not particularly swollen, so it cannot be rotated (1 1).
1 1. Forefoot Mantodia.
The forefoot does not grasp the foot (12)
12. Orthoptera (Orthoptera)
13. The body is flat and oval, and the front chest backboard is very large and often extends forward to cover it.
Cockroaches (Cockroaches)
The body is not oval, and the head is not covered by the chest back plate (14)
14. Slender stick insects
Non-rod-shaped, isoptera, social insects.
15. Lower tarsal segment 3 (16)
Tarsal joint 4 ~ 5 (17)
16.3 ~ 5 nodes' antennas are parasitic in
Insect eaters on the surface of birds or mammals.
Antenna 13 ~ 15, no parasitic corrosion.
17. The abdomen 1 segment merged into the posterior chest, and there was contraction between 1 segment and segment 2.
Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Abdominal 1 segment does not merge into the posterior chest, and there is no contraction between 1 segment and segment 2.
Coleoptera (Coleoptera)
18. Lepidoptera, with dense scales and siphon mouthparts.
Body without scales, mouthparts sucking, licking or degenerating (19)
Up to 3 hocks (2 1)
20. Flea (Sharpidae)
Diptera
2 1. There are retractable bubbles at the end of tarsal joint, and the claws are very small (Thymoptera)
The air bubble (22) at the end of the tarsal joint cannot expand and contract.
22. The feet have 1 claws, which are suitable for sticky hair and parasitic on breastfeeding.
anopheles
A foot has two claws; If it has 1 paw, it is parasitic on plants and extremely inactive or motionless.
The body is spherical, shell-shaped and so on. , and often divided into wax and colloid.
Homoptera secretion (Homoptera)
23. Wing 1 Pair (24)
Wing 2 pairs (32)
24. The front wing or rear wing is dedicated to the balance bar (25).
Unbalanced bar (27)
25. The front wing forms a balance bar, and the rear wing is a large twisted wing.
The tail wing forms a balance bar, and the front wing is very large (26)
26. Diptera (tarsal group 5)
The tarsal joint is only 1 (male scale insect) HOMOPTERA.
27. There are 1 caudate whiskers at the end of abdomen (28).
Abdominal tailless beard (30)
28. The tail beard is slender and segmented (or there are 1 roots similar to the middle tail silk), and the wings are upright.
Ephemeris on the back
The tail whiskers are not segmented, but short, and the wings cover the back (29)
29.5 hock joint, the hind foot is not jumping, and the body is slender as a rod or flat and wide.
phasmida
Below the fourth tarsal joint, the hind foot is ORTHOPTERA.
30. COLEOPTERA insects with horny front wings and mouthparts.
The wing is membranous and the mouthparts are not chewy (3 1)
3 1. Lepidoptera insects with scales on their wings
Thysanopteran insects without scales on their wings
32. All or part of the front wing is horny or leathery, and the rear wing is membranous (33).
Both the front wing and the rear wing are membranous (40)
33. The base half of the front wing is horny or leathery, and the last half is
Hemiptera hymenopoda
The base and end of the front wing are of the same texture, or some parts are opposite.
Thick, but not as thick as above (34)
34. Homoptera insects with sucking mouthparts.
Chewing (35)
35. The front wing is textured (36)
The anterior wing has no obvious veins (39)
36. Below the tarsal joint 4, the hind foot is jumping or the front foot is open.
Orthoptera (Orthoptera)
There are five hocks, and the hind foot is different from the front foot (37).
37. Grab the manta rays with your front foot.
Non-catching foot (38) of forefoot
38. The chest backboard is very large and often covers the whole or all of the head.
Some cockroaches (Blattia)
The back plate of the chest is very small, the head is exposed, and the body looks like a stick or a leaf.
phasmida
39. There is a 1 tail clip at the end of the abdomen, and the front wing is short, which cannot cover the abdomen.
De Maputra (De Maputra)
There is no tail at the end of the abdomen, and the front wings are generally long, covering at least the abdomen.
Most COLEOPTERA (COLEOPTERA)
40. All or part of the wing surface is covered with scales, and the mouthparts are siphoned or
Degenerate Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera)
There are no scales on the wings and siphonage on the mouthparts (4 1)
4 1. Oral puncture suction type (42)
Chewing, chewing and sucking or degeneration of the mouth (44)
42. The lower lip forms a segmented beak, and the flange has no long hair (43).
Unsegmented beak, extremely slender wings, and fringed wings.
Thymoptera (Thymoptera)
43. The beak protrudes from the front of the head (Hemiptera)
Beaks protrude from the back of the head (Homoptera)
44. The antenna is very small and has bristles (45).
Antennas are long and protruding, not bristle-like (46)
45. There are 1 pairs of slender knotted tail whiskers (or 1 pairs of similar middle tail whiskers) at the abdominal end.
Mayflies with very small hind wings
The tail is short and unsegmented, and the hind wings are the same size as the front wings.
Odonata class
46. The head extends downward in a beak shape (Diptera).
The head is beak-shaped (47) with no extension.
47. The tarsal joint of the forefoot 1 is particularly swollen and can rotate the foot (Embiidina).
The tarsal joint of the forefoot 1 is not particularly swollen and cannot be rotated (48).
48. The front and rear wings are almost equal, and there is a horizontal shoulder seam at the base of each wing.
Isoptera (wings fall off easily along this seam)
The front wing and the rear wing have no shoulder line (49)
49. The front edge of the rear wing has a row of small wing hooks connected with the front wing.
Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)
Wingless hook array (50) at the leading edge of the tail wing
50. tarsal joint 2 ~ 3 (5 1)
Tarsal fifth section (52)
5 1. The chest is very big, and there are 1 paired wings at the ventral end.
The chest is as small as the neck, and there are Corrodentia.
52. The wing surface is densely covered with obvious hairs and mouthparts (upper jaw).
Degenerated Trichoptera (Trichoptera)
There is no obvious hair on the wing surface, but the hair is only inserted in the wing vein and flange, as well as on the mouthparts.
(Maxilla) Developed (53)
53. The base of the hind wing is wider than the front wing, and there is a developed buttock area. When resting, the hip area of the rear wing is folded.
The head is a megaptera in the order Prepoda.
The base of the hind wing is not wider than the front wing, there is no developed hip area, and it does not fold when resting.
For the lower die (54)
54. Chief Minister. The front chest is cylindrical and long, and the front feet are normal. The female insect has a needle-shaped ovipositor extending backward.
Short head. The front chest is generally not very long. If it is long, the front foot is scratching the foot (like a mantis). Generally speaking, females don't have needle-shaped ovipositors. If they do, they will bend down and stick out the Neuroptera.
Fourth, the identification of common insects
In the field or in practical work, if we master the main characteristics of some common animals, we can identify the groups to which they belong without using the key table step by step. These features are called "identifying features". The complexity of insects is the highest in the animal kingdom, but it is not too difficult to master the identification characteristics of Insecta. Experienced people can identify the orders, families, and sometimes even genera or species of common insects without searching. Taking Insecta as an example, this paper introduces the common orders and their main identification characteristics.
(1) Ankless animals
Primitive wingless; No metamorphosis; There are appendages related to exercise in the abdomen.
1.Thysanura is small and medium-sized, long and soft, bare or covered with scales. Chewing mouthparts. Antennas are long and filiform. There are three slender tail wires at the end of the abdomen. Such as stone, clothing fish. The former mostly lives in damp environment under rocks and fallen leaves, while the latter is common in indoor drawers, suitcases or stacks of books (Figure 5- 12).
2. collembola is small and soft. The antenna has four segments. Abdominal segment 1, 2, 4 are respectively attached with a sticky tube (abdominal tube), a bullet socket and a bomb, which can jump. Such as jumping insects (Figure 5- 13).
(2) Pterygium
Usually winged; Have a pervert; There are no motor appendages in the abdomen.
Orthoptera is a large or medium-sized insect. Head-down oral posture; The mouthparts are standard chewing type; The front wing is narrow and leathery; The posterior wing is wide and membranous, and can be folded and hidden under the anterior wing; There are often tail whiskers and ovipositors in the abdomen; Pronunciation and hearing devices are developed; Pronunciation by rubbing the left and right wings or scraping the front wing on the inside of the hind leg joint; Metamorphosis is gradual metamorphosis. Locust, mole cricket, oil gourd, Chinese grasshopper, etc. All belong to this purpose (Figure 5- 14).
4. The cockroach chews the mouthparts, with developed compound eyes and filiform antennae; There are two pairs of wings, some wingless, the front wing is leathery, and the back wing is membranous, lying flat on the abdomen when at rest; Enough to sprint; Gradually pervert. Such as all kinds of cockroaches and ground beetles (Figure 5- 15).
5. Manta rays are slender, with chewing mouthparts and filiform antennae; The front chest is developed, which is longer than the sum of the middle chest and the back chest; Two pairs of wings, the front wing is leathery and the back wing is membranous, lying flat on the abdomen at rest; Forefoot is suitable for grasping; Gradually pervert. Such as mantis (Figure 5- 16).
6. Isoptera is milky white or grayish white, chewing mouthparts; Wing membranous, very long, often beyond the ventral end, the front and rear wings are similar and equal in length, hence the name. Gradually pervert.
The purpose of this paper is to be a polymorphic social insect. Each colony consists of five types of members, namely long-winged male and female reproductive ants, short-winged or wingless assisted reproductive ants, sterile worker ants and soldier ants. Such as various termites (Figure 5- 17), are the main pests in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions.
7. Anopheles mosquitoes are small and flat, with piercing and sucking mouthparts. The chest joints heal regardless, and the feet are climbing and gradually deforming. It is an ectoparasite of humans and animals, sucking blood and spreading diseases, such as body lice.
8. Odonata chewing mouthparts with short bristles and large compound eyes; Two pairs of wings, membranous and multi-veined, with a wing mole on the front edge of the front wing; The abdomen is slender; Semi-pervert. Such as dragonflies and damselflies (Figure 5- 19).
9. Hemiptera is slightly flat; Multi-winged, the front wing is Hemicoleoptera; Suction type, generally 4 sections, inserted at the front end of the head; Antenna 4 or 5 nodes; Have compound eyes. The front chest backboard is developed, and the small shield in the middle chest is its obvious symbol; There are smelly gland openings on the ventral surface of the body, which can emit a smell similar to Ailanthus altissima, so it is also called "Toona sinensis". Gradually pervert. Such as binary bug, pear bug, rice spider edge bug, three-point blind bug, edge blind bug, bug and so on. (Figure 5-20).
10. Homoptera's mouthparts are piercing and sucking, and the beak changed from the lower lip is born behind the head. Most adults have wings and lie on their backs when they are at rest, showing a roof shape. Antennas are short, bristly or filiform. There are often secretory glands in the body, which can secrete waxy powder or other substances to protect the insect body. Gradually pervert. Such as cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, cotton-blowing scale insects, aphids, wax scales and so on. (Figure 5-2 1).
1 1. The antenna is slender, filiform, beaded, comb-shaped or rod-shaped; The wings are membranous, the front and rear wings are similar in size and shape, and the veins are reticulate. It's completely abnormal. Eggs often have stalks. Such as Chrysopa sinica and Chrysopa grandis (Figure 5-22).
12. Lepidoptera has scales and hairs on its body surface, and its wings are membranous. Siphon nozzle; Compound eyes are developed. Completely deformed, larvae are caterpillars. Lepidoptera is usually divided into two suborders (Figure 5-23):
(1) The antenna ends of the suborder Papilio are enlarged and rod-shaped; When resting, the wings stand upright on the back; Colorful, mostly active during the day. Such as Papilio, Pieris rapae, etc.
(2) Heterosporium has many antenna forms, such as filamentous and comb; When resting, the wings are folded flat on the back; Mostly at night. Such as armyworm, cotton bollworm, Chilo suppressalis, silkworm, castor silkworm, tussah and so on.
13. COLEOPTERA mouthparts chewing type; The shape of antenna varies greatly, besides filiform, there are sawtooth, hammer, knee, gill and so on. The front wing is horny, thick and hard, and connects with the left and right sides of the back in a straight line when it stops. The posterior wing is membranous, often folded and hidden under the anterior wing, with few veins. The shield in the middle chest is small, triangular and exposed on the body surface. Totally perverted. Important species are scarabs, Anoplophora longicorn, kowtowing insects, yellow cucumbers, ladybugs and so on. (Figure 5-24).
14. Hymenoptera insects are small to medium in size and have hard walls; The head can move; Big compound eye; The antenna is filiform, hammer-shaped or knee-shaped; Mouths are generally chewed, and only the bee family chews and sucks; The front wing is large and the rear wing is small, all of which are membrane wings, transparent or translucent. The front edge of the rear wing has a series of small hooks, which can be connected with the front wing. There is a thickened wing nevus on the front edge of the front wing. The first segment of the abdomen merges into the chest, which is called propedeon, and the second segment mostly degenerates into a waist-shaped pedeon. The terminal segment is often retracted, and only 6 ~ 7 segments can be seen.
The ovipositors are developed, most of which are needle-shaped and have the ability to sting. Totally perverted. Such as wasps, Trichogramma, bees, wheat leafhoppers, wasps and ants (Figure 5-25).
15. Diptera adults only have a pair of developed front wings, which are membranous and have simple veins; The rear wing degenerates into a balance bar; The compound eye is very big, accounting for almost most of the head, and some males are connected together; The antenna is filiform (mosquito), rosary (gall midge) or awn (fly); Mouth piercing or sucking type; Completely deformed larvae are called maggots. Usually divided into two suborders (Figure 5-26, 27).
(1) Nematodes are small and soft, with slender antennae and ring hairs; Larvae has a distinct head. Include mosquitoes, sandflies, chironomids, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes and sarcophagus.
(2) Siniperca brachiata is stout, with short antennae and awn shape; The head of the larva is mostly degenerated, which is not obvious. Include houseflies, hemp flies, cattle red, syrphids, parasitic flies, fruit flies and insect-eating flies.
16. The sucking mouthparts of the order Daphnia are very small, flat on one side, wingless, good at jumping and completely abnormal. It is an ectoparasite of human beings and animals, and often spreads diseases, such as fleas.
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