First of all, we should understand the beginning of modern world history. At present, there are four viewpoints in the field of historiography, but it is generally recognized that the British bourgeois revolution officially began when Charlie Wang I convened Parliament in 1640. This marks the beginning of modern world history. Since the late 1980s, there have been two main views on the beginning of modern world history in China academic circles. One view is that the early 20th century, namely 1900, is the beginning of modern world history; Another view is that 19 17 Russian October socialist revolution is the beginning of modern world history.

The major historical events in Germany from modern world history to modern world history are as follows:

1, a brief introduction to German history before modern history

The name of the German nation probably began in 90 BC, and "Germany" is the language used by these tribes, which eventually evolved into the name of the place of residence, and thus derived from "German Empire" and "Germany". 1538, the formation of the Hanseatic League integrated all the commercial towns in Germany.

15 17, Martin Luther published a paper challenging the Catholic church, which was a pioneer of the religious reform and indirectly triggered the Thirty Years' War. Martin Luther's cultural contributions, including the retranslation of the Bible, also led to the integration of Germanic dialects and the birth of standard highland German.

2. The 30-year War 16 18- 1648 was a great disaster in the history of the development of the Germanic nation, resulting in a sharp drop in population13 or more, and a large area of Germany was barren and barren. 1648 The Peace Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the war, ceded part of German territory to France and Sweden, and confirmed that Switzerland and the Netherlands withdrew from the imperial alliance. The peace treaty gives all levels of the empire all major sovereignty in dealing with religious and secular affairs and allows them to form alliances with foreign partners. Increasing the number of candidates for the Holy Roman Empire to 300, the authority of the Habsburg royal family began to shake. The Holy Roman Empire has existed in name only, but it still lingers 150 years, and the real political power is in the hands of many local governors.

At the beginning of the 8th century, under the enlightened and autocratic regime of Friedrich the Great, one of the Germanic states, Prussia rose up and tried to rank among the European powers.

4. 1862, King William I of Prussia appointed otto von bismarck as Prime Minister. This experienced politician believes in the philosophy of iron blood and has a tough style. He hoped to establish a unified and powerful Germanic nation-state, and launching foreign wars was the best way to effectively enhance internal unity. Bismarck first promoted the unification of North Germany, then encouraged the unification of North Germany through the war against France, and finally formed the German nation-state.

5. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, Germany won a great victory. French emperor Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte was captured and William I became the emperor of the German Empire.

6. 19 14, the assassination of the Austrian crown prince triggered the first world war, which led to the German-Austrian alliance against France, Russia and Britain. Germany was defeated, the German king abdicated and the Weimar Republic was established. The post-war Treaty of Versailles severely compensated Germany and reduced its military capability.

7. The severe inflation in1923 and the nationalist opposition caused by the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles destroyed the Weimar government from both inside and outside. Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Workers' Party seized the opportunity to step onto the historical stage.

1929 After the world economic crisis broke out, the political situation in Weimar Republic began to turn to fascism. The Nazi Party led by Hitler was appointed as Chancellor by President Hindenburg on 19331October 30th, and began to take control of the German regime.

9, 1933, 65438+2, 1, passed the Law on Ensuring the Unity of the Party and the State.

On August 1934, 1 passed the German Fuehrer's Law, which strengthened the fascist dictatorship. Hitler brought the national economy into the track of war and accelerated the pace of rearmament.

1935, 16 In March, Hitler announced the implementation of universal compulsory military service and established an army of 500,000 people. The following year, he announced the implementation of the "four-year plan" presided over by Goering, and the industrial development rate exceeded that of western countries.

1935, Hitler began to implement the racial purity law, depriving Jews of German nationality and prohibiting "Aryans" from marrying Jews.

1936 On March 7, Hitler drove the Germans into the unarmed area of the Rhine River and intervened in the Spanish Civil War in July.

1939165438+1On October 25th, Germany and Japan concluded an international convention prohibiting the production of * * *,1939 On May 22nd, Germany and Italy signed an alliance treaty in Berlin. At this point, the three countries formally formed an alliance, known as the Axis countries.

1March 938, Germany annexed Austria. In September, at the Munich Conference, Hitler forced Britain and France to sign the Munich Agreement. 65438+ 10 month, dismembered and occupied Czechoslovakia.

10, 1 939 September1day, Germany blitzkrieg attacked Poland, World War II officially began, and then quickly occupied Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. 1940, defeated the British and French allied forces and occupied France. Then it occupied Yugoslavia and Greece. On June 22nd, Germany began to attack the Soviet Union. 1in the winter of 942, the battle of Stalingrad started, the Germans lost, and the Second World War turned.

After the German army failed to help Mussolini on the battlefield in North Africa, it lost ground one after another. 1June 6, 944, the United States and Britain landed in Normandy, France. 1in March, 945, the allies crossed the Rhine. In April, after a bitter battle, Russian troops captured Berlin, while Hitler committed suicide in Enemy at the Gates.

1 1,1945 announced its unconditional surrender on May 8. According to the Yalta Agreement and the Potsdam Agreement, Germany ceded 1 14000 square kilometers of land to the Soviet Union and Poland, and the rest and the capital Berlin were occupied by the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and France. 1949 on may 8, the consultative conference adopted the basic law. On May 23rd, the Basic Law was promulgated and the Federal Republic of Germany was formally established. On September 20th, Adenauer formed the first federal government. The Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany consists of the Bundestag and the Federal Senate. The highest federal judicial body is the Federal Constitutional Court.

12 and 1945 In July, the Yalta Treaty divided Germany into east and west occupied areas, which were managed by Soviet Russia and Britain and the United States respectively, while Berlin was jointly managed by them. However, the post-war relations between the Soviet Union and Europe and the United States became increasingly tense, making management much more difficult.

13, 1946 In April, the German Production Party and the German Social Democratic Party in the Soviet-occupied area merged to form the German Unified Socialist Party. 1947 65438+On February 6th, the first German People's Congress was held in Suzhan District of Berlin.

14 and 1948, the Berlin crisis broke out, and at the end of the year, Berlin was officially divided into two cities.

15, 1949 In May, the occupied areas of the United States, Britain and France merged to form the Federal Republic of Germany. In June of the same year 10, the Soviet-occupied area declared the establishment of the German Democratic Republic, and Germany split into two countries.

16, 196 1, Soviet Russia even built the Berlin wall at the peak of the cold war to stop the continuous loss of young labor, and the cold war reached its peak.

17. The German unification treaty was reached in February 1990. This agreement was achieved in February 1990 through the so-called "four plus two agreement" (Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and France, the four occupying countries and East and West Germany). 1990, 10 year10.3, Germany was unified, and both sides agreed to the basic law formulated by the former West Germany, taking "German Federation and Republic" as the title of the unified Germany. After reunification, Germany remained a member of the European Union (which later became the European Union) and NATO.