I. Argumentative essay

Second, narrative.

Third, novels.

Fourth, the explanatory text

Verb (abbreviation of verb) prose

Part I: Argumentative essay.

Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argument (clear argument, conclusive argument and rigorous argument)

First, the characteristics of the argument: ① correct ② distinct.

Methods of inductive argumentation:

1, title

2. At the beginning of the article

Step 3: the ending

4. In the middle:

(1) Infer arguments by summarizing their similarities.

(2) Summative words reflect the central argument of the sentence (for example, you can see that I think; Anyway ...)

(3) First find out the theme of the article, then find out the repeated similar judgment words in the article according to the theme, merge similar items, and finally make a summary.

Note: The sentence of inductive argument must be a complete and clear sentence of affirmative judgment.

Second, argument

Factual arguments (such as real events, historical facts, statistics, specific figures, etc.). )

Theoretical arguments: (including recognized principles, formulas, definitions, rules, laws, famous sayings and aphorisms, etc.). )

Summarize the main points of the argument: ×× people+how to do it (closely related to the argument)+results.

Note: Some quotations may not be famous sayings, but concrete facts and factual arguments.

III. Model Law and Its Role

Example demonstration (case demonstration), quotation demonstration (truth demonstration), metaphor demonstration, contrast demonstration (positive and negative contrast demonstration).

1, example method (putting facts): a specific and typical argument that has been fully proved.

2. Quote (reasoning): What is quoted to demonstrate an argument and make it convincing.

3. Metaphor (reasoning): Illustrate an argument vividly to make reasoning easier to understand.

4. Contrast method (reasoning): highlight an argument through comparison, and make reasoning more vivid.

Fourth, analyze the expression of argumentative essays.

1. The narrative in an argumentative paper is often very general, and its function is to prove a viewpoint or proposition with facts.

2. There are sometimes vivid descriptions in argumentative papers, which can prove a point more vividly.

3. Lyricism in the discussion will make the discussion more infectious and deeply rooted in people's hearts.

5. Linguistic features of argumentative writing: preciseness and accuracy.

Sixth, the way of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.

Seven. Argumentation structure: raising questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).

The second part of the narrative

First, common narrative clues

1. Character clue: information, feelings or deeds of a character.

2. Item clues: items with special significance.

3. Emotional clues: the ideological and emotional changes of the author or the main characters in the works.

4. Event clue: Central Event 5. Time clue 6. Position change clue

Looking for clues: ① article title; (2) things that appear repeatedly in each paragraph; ③ Lyric sentences in the article.

(4) the author's thoughts and feelings (changes) (5) the experience and feelings of a certain character.

Function: the content of the article is combined in an orderly way, and the ideological character and the ins and outs of things run through the whole article.

Second, the narrative order.

1. Time sequence: it is written in the order of occurrence, development and end (time sequence).

Function: Make the article clear, have a beginning and an end, and give people a vivid impression.

2. Flashback: Write what happened later in front, and then describe it in order.

Function: avoid straightforward narration, enhance the vividness and fascination of the article.

3. Interpolation: In the narrative process, due to the need of content, interrupt the narrative of the original plot, insert relevant plots or events, and then continue the original narrative. (such as recalling the past)

Function: to supplement and set off the central content (characters or events) of the article, enrich the plot and deepen the theme.

Third, the description method of characters

1. Portrait (appearance) description (including expression description) (description of appearance, clothes, expression, posture, etc. ): explain the identity, status, situation, experience, psychological state and ideological character of the character.

2. Language (dialogue) description 3. Action (action) description: the image vividly shows the xx psychology (emotion) of the characters, reflects the xx personality characteristics or xx spiritual quality of the characters, and sometimes promotes the development of the plot.

4. Psychological description: The image vividly reflects the xx thoughts of the characters and reveals the xx character or xx quality of the characters.

Four. Environmental description: natural environment description and social environment description.

Natural environment (describing natural landscapes such as weather, seasons, mountains and rivers, lakes and seas): Rendering the atmosphere of ××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××

Social environment (describing the social situation or the scene of people's activities, as well as the layout and furnishings around (indoors)): explain the background of the story in the XX era and render the atmosphere of the XX environment.

Fifth, the meaning of words or sentences in narrative.

1. Analyze the meaning of words in a specific context (that is, a specific sentence, paragraph, article, context).

2. Pay attention to the emotional color of words (commendatory, derogatory and neutral), and understand the original meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning and polysemous words. 3. Pay attention to tone or intonation. 4. The key point is the collocation between words. 5. Pay attention to the size and severity of the meaning range. 6. Pay attention to meaning (such as digging up the noumenon or symbol of things in figurative sentences)

Sixth, the function of narrative opening.

1, opening point ×× topic; 2. The full text of the general manager; 3, resulting in the following, paving the way for the following xx.

4. Set suspense to arouse the reader's interest or thinking. 5. Lay the foundation for the following ××

Seven, the role of intermediate sentences in narrative.

1, which serves as a transitional link between the preceding and the following; 2, the end of the paragraph plays a summary role; (Summarize the above; The following leads)

3. pave the way for the next XX. 4. Set the stage for the next XX story. 5. Promote the development of the plot.

Eight, the role of the ending narrative sentence

1, the last point of the article ×× title; 2. Summarize the full text and deepen the XX Center; 3. Echo from beginning to end; 4. Point out the center of XX and sublimate the theme; 5. Thought-provoking, inspiring and unforgettable. 6. Point to topic 7. Before and after nursing 8. Echo from beginning to end

Nine, the role of sentences in expression and expression

1, which renders the atmosphere of ××× 2 and sets off the character of ×××.

Ten, summarize the central meaning of the narrative.

1, find the title of the article; A lyrical argumentative essay at the beginning and end of a paragraph. 2. Coherent the main idea of the article, summarize it comprehensively, and then point out thoughts, feelings, attitudes, etc. Expressed by the author. (especially in lyric prose) 3. Analyze from the background of the times. 4. Judging from the author's attitude towards people or things.

Xi。 Summarize the meaning of the paragraph

(1) abstract syntax: find the central sentence as the paragraph meaning in the text (sometimes the central sentence should be deleted appropriately).

(2) Summary method: Example 1: (Narrative paragraph) Narration+××××× people (organization or unit)+×××××× place+under what circumstances+×××××× results. (pay attention to the content emphasized in the original text)

For example, 2: (descriptive paragraph) describes+×××× landscape+×××××× features.

Like 3. (Argument) ×× argument method (or argument)+argument from ×× angle (aspect)+argument ×× viewpoint. Like 4. (Lyric paragraph) What kind of feelings are expressed? (3) Merging method: Some paragraphs have more than two main contents, and phrases expressing these contents need to be combined into sentences.

The third part of the novel

First, the three elements of the novel

1, character 2, plot 3, environment (natural environment/social environment. )

First, the beginning: explain the background and pave the way for the following. B, development: depicting characters and embodying personality. C, climax: show the conflict and reveal the theme. D. conclusion: deepen the theme and leave thoughts.

The overall function of the plot: make the novel rich, vivid and tortuous, strengthen the character, deepen the theme and enhance the artistic appeal.

Expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.

A narrative: a narrative and statement of characters experience and the development and changes of things.

Function: It can integrate all aspects of description, promote the development of stories and deepen readers' understanding of people and events. In argumentative writing, it can be used as a factual argument to prove the argument.

Exodus 1: He's gone. Exodus 2: We climbed the mountain.

B description: describe and depict people, events and environment in vivid language.

Function: It can realize the concreteness, vividness and sensibility of literary images.

Exodus 1: He is a tall and thin old man with gray hair and big glasses.

I looked in the direction he pointed, and saw the searchlight shining directly into the sky through the flying snowflakes.

C lyricism: the author expresses his subjective feelings in his works, thoughts and feelings triggered by some media, so as to strengthen the color of some scenes or highlight the character.

Function: express the author's strong subjective feelings, play a role in rendering the environment atmosphere, emphasizing the character quality, highlighting the center of the article, arousing the voice of readers and making the article more infectious.

1, direct lyric (often express one's feelings directly, with strong emotions):

Example 1: Last lesson: Ah, those bad guys, they posted them on the bulletin board of the city hall, so that's it! My last French class!

Ex. 2: Oh, Peking University, Peking University, you entrusted me with too much. Example 3: Motherland, Mother! I love you, China!

2. Indirect lyricism (borrowing scenery to express feelings: express feelings through scenery description. )

Example 1: Mo Bosang's My Uncle Yule: "We got on the boat, left Qianqiao, and sailed far away on the sea as calm as a green marble table." -It shows the cheerful and excited mood of the characters: "In front of us, it seems that a purple shadow emerges from the distant sea." -shows the disappointment and frustration of the characters.

D. discussion: the author directly expresses his attitude, emotion and evaluation of people and events in his works.

Function: 1. In narrative style, there are two ways to discuss: first discuss and then discuss. The former is unique, thought-provoking and enlightening; The latter can make the reader think quickly about what to describe and attract the reader's attention to the following. 2. Argumentative essays will make the finishing point of the features or meanings of images in prose. 3. Argumentative essays mainly expound opinions in argumentative essays.

E. description: it is the explanation and introduction of things and events. Function: enables readers to clearly understand the things and features explained. Example 1: This table is square.

Third, analyze the characters.

1. Analyze various descriptions of characters and accurately grasp their thoughts, feelings and even personalities.

2. Grasp the contradictions and conflicts between characters (live in harmony) and analyze the complicated relationship between characters.

The fourth part is an explanatory text.

1, how to grasp the characteristics of the object?

A, topic B, paragraph C, keywords (such as: sentences using interpretation methods, central sentences)

2. Classification and identification of interpretation methods

Classification and function:

First, for example: specifically and truly explain the xx characteristics of things.

Second, classification: clearly describe the xx characteristics of things.

Third, analogy: the image vividly illustrates the xx characteristics of this thing and enhances the interest of the article.

Fourth, the number of columns: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) comparison: characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.

6. Definition: It reveals the essence and connotation of the object of explanation concisely and meticulously, making the explanation more rigorous.

Seven, list the chart: intuitively and vividly explain the xx characteristics of things.

Citation: to explain the characteristics of things by quoting, and to enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs.

3. What are the signs of these explanations?

(1) Definition: ... is ..., that is ..., named. ...

(2) Classification: There are several kinds, one is ... and the other is ...

Examples: For example, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, examples, just to name a few.

Compare: and, compare with ... and ...

4, explain the order

⑴ Spatial order: It shows the shape and structure of things, which is often found in the structure of buildings, such as up and down, far and near, left and right, inside and outside, east and west, north and south, etc.

⑵ Time series: explain the development and change of things.

⑶ Logical order: Explain things and explain the internal relations between things.

A, always say first and then say: total score; Points-total; Total score b, first major, second major.

C. cause and effect. D, from phenomenon to essence. E, from performance to function.

F, from general to special. G, from the whole to the part.

5. Explain the characteristics of the language.

1, the characteristics of descriptive language: accurate, plain and concise (scientific sketch: vivid).

6. Classification of explanatory texts

1 is divided into physical description and logical description (explaining the principle or usage of things, etc. ) according to the description object.

2 According to the characteristics of language: plain discussion, literary discussion (scientific sketch or knowledge sketch) (vivid discussion, often description).

The fifth part of prose (narrative prose, lyric prose, discussion prose)

First, we should grasp the clues of the article.

Second, we should grasp the "literary eye" of prose.

"Yan Wen" refers to the sentence or keyword that can best reveal the theme, sublimate the artistic conception and cover the content. It is the eruption of the author's thoughts and feelings, the focus of the article's thoughts and feelings, and also plays a leading role in the structure of the article.

Third, grasp the connotation of the work with the help of imagination.

Reading prose needs imagination, association and supplement, combining one's own imagination with the author's imagination, enriching the artistic conception and image of the work and filling the structural space of the text.

Fourth, we should understand the artistic conception of prose.

Artistic conception means that the author expresses profound thoughts and touching feelings through vivid pictures, so as to achieve the fusion of feelings and things, the interweaving of meaning and scenery, thus causing readers' association and producing touching artistic effects.

1, emotion and scene blend.

2. Application of imagination, association and symbol.

3, put pen to paper in detail, see big from small. 4. Side tips.

Fifth, we should carefully taste the language of prose. (Analysis from rhetorical methods or expressions)

1. Taste the simple and natural beauty of prose language. 2. Taste the implicit beauty of prose language. 3. Prose language is full of musical beauty and poetry.

Sixth, the characteristics of prose: "shape" (object) is scattered but "spirit" (heart) is not scattered.

6. From the angle described by the author (hearing, sight, smell, taste and touch).