Cai Guangwei, Li Jian, Zeng Qing, Hong Yang, Lv Ruiqing, Du Deyan.

Southwest University Rongchang Campus Department of Animal Medicine Class 3, Grade 2006 402460

Piglet edema disease was first discovered in Britain. It is an acute infectious disease characterized by head, eyelid and ear edema, ataxia and acute death caused by enterotoxemia caused by hemolytic Escherichia coli. It is also called pig gastrointestinal edema or pig Escherichia coli enterotoxemia, and it is highly fatal. In recent years, with the development of animal husbandry, the occurrence of edema disease in piglets is increasing day by day, and it is on the rise in various places. It has become a common and frequently-occurring disease in pigs, and it is the main cause of death after early weaning. It has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to diagnose the disease as soon as possible, take targeted and effective comprehensive prevention and control measures, and find out some vaccines suitable for the disease to ensure the development of pig industry.

Key words: research progress of comprehensive prevention and treatment vaccine for piglet edema disease, lethality

China library classification number S858.28 document identification number A 14245 12.

The latest research progress of piglet edema

College of Animal Medicine and Technology, Southwest University, Rongchang, Chongqing, 402460

Piglet edema disease was first discovered in Britain, and it is hemolytic enterotoxemia of Escherichia coli, which refers to an acute infectious disease with the main characteristics of head, eyelid, isoauricular edema, acute ataxia and death, which is characterized by damage of capillaries or systemic small vessels, increased permeability and excessive exudation of body fluids, and is also known as pig gastrointestinal edema disease or pig Escherichia coli enterotoxemia, which is a very fatal disease. In recent years, with the development of animal husbandry, the incidence of edema disease in piglets is on the rise everywhere, which has become a common and frequently-occurring disease in pigs and the cause of death of early weaned piglets. It has caused great economic losses to the pig industry. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to make early diagnosis of the disease, take targeted and effective comprehensive prevention and control measures, and apply vaccines to identify the disease to ensure the development of pig industry.

Keywords edema disease of piglets; Integrated control; Vaccine progress; fatal

1, Introduction

Swine edema disease is an acute, sporadic and fatal enterotoxemia caused by hemolytic Escherichia coli in weaned piglets. Also known as pig gastrointestinal edema or pig Escherichia coli enterotoxemia. The main manifestations are systemic edema and nervous system symptoms, such as limb movement disorder, walking weakness, paralysis, eyelid and anal edema, hypothermia and hoarseness. The incubation period is very short, the course of disease is 2-3 days, and the mortality rate is very high. Sick pigs with slow onset are listless, anorexic, blindly walking or circling, shaking, very sensitive to the surrounding environment, barking at the touch, foaming at the mouth, rising body temperature and accelerating heartbeat. Edema occurs in eyelids, face, head, neck, chest and abdomen, ears, etc. Acute pigs die within 5-6 hours.

2. Popular characteristics

Mainly occurs in weaned piglets. The incidence rate is 5-30%, and the mortality rate is as high as 90%. The high incidence rate is mostly piglets with good nutrition and strong physique. Generally limited to individual pigs. Not widely spread: April-May in spring and 9- 10 in autumn. The occurrence of the disease is related to the change of feed and feeding methods, single feed or a large number of concentrated feed.

3, the cause of the disease

3. 1 pathogenic factors

The pathogen of the disease is hemolytic Escherichia coli, and Gram staining is negative. No spores, no capsules and no flagella. It is worth noting that the pathogenic E.coli causing this disease is neither exotic nor "temporary". There is a small amount of this Escherichia coli in the intestine of suckling piglets, but it is not pathogenic under lactation conditions. Under the appropriate inducement (such as weaning, feed mutation, weather change, etc.). ), the body's resistance decreases, especially the gastrointestinal function is disordered, and the microecological balance in the intestine is destroyed, which promotes the continuous reproduction of hemolytic Escherichia coli in the intestine of piglets and produces toxins. After being absorbed into the blood by the intestine, it gradually accumulates in piglets, causing toxemia. When the toxin accumulates to a certain extent, it will lead to illness and death of piglets.

3.2 Influencing factors of maternal E.coli antibody

After the piglet is born, the transmission of maternal antibody is obtained through the absorption of breast milk by the small intestine. The maternal Escherichia coli antibody remains in piglets for 7-35 days, and it is easy to get sick after weaning.

3.3 The digestive function is not perfect

In the piglet stage, it is difficult to digest protein due to the lack of pepsin and free hydrochloric acid in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Especially plant protein. If too much soybean meal is added to the feed, the latter will damage the villi of small intestine because it contains trypsin inhibitor and phytohemagglutinin. Once the villi are damaged, the absorption of protein will be reduced, while the former will inhibit the activity of trypsin and make protein decompose and absorb. Generally, feeding these feeds at first will not cause illness. In the middle and late stage, due to incomplete decomposition of protein, intestinal contents will rot and ferment, which will stimulate peristalsis of intestinal terminal receptors, thus causing diarrhea and indigestion. Then edema disease occurred, and most of the edema diseases caused by overnutrition died.

3.4 Weaning stress in pigs

With the increase of age, the digestive enzymes in the intestines and stomach of piglets increased continuously, but the activities of various digestive enzymes decreased due to weaning stress. So that the digestive physiological function is out of balance and the intestinal flora is out of balance. Early weaning stress can reduce the circulating antibody level of piglets. Inhibit cellular immunity, which leads to the overproduction of hemolytic Escherichia coli and the production of toxins, which are absorbed by the body and cause edema.

3.5 Feed factors

3.5. 1 Feed protein is too high.

At present, some feed production enterprises pursue concentrated feed with high protein and high yield, which leads to high feed protein level. However, the digestive physiological characteristics of early weaned piglets determine that their digestive ability to protein is poor. More feed protein will rot after entering the intestine, causing indigestion and diarrhea. After undigested eggs or unabsorbed amino acids enter the intestine, it will lead to disorder of intestinal flora, help bacteria to reproduce and produce toxins, and induce diseases.

3.5.2 Lack of vitamin E and selenium in feed.

Vitamin e and selenium participate in the body's antioxidant defense system, protecting the structure and function of cells and cell membranes from lipid peroxide free radicals. They have complex compensation and synergistic effects. When the organism is deficient, the normal structure of immune organs is destroyed, and the disease resistance is weakened, which leads to malnutrition and decreased digestive enzyme activity in piglets, affecting the normal physiological function of digestive tract and intestinal flora imbalance, thus creating conditions for the proliferation and attachment of some pathogenic Escherichia coli and the production and absorption of toxins.

3.6 Feed conditions

The life of piglets has certain regularity, so it is necessary to guard against sudden changes in feeding conditions and feeding methods, especially at some critical moments, such as: before and after weaning, raw feeding suddenly changed to cooked feeding, or cooked feeding suddenly changed to raw feeding, irregular distribution, sudden satiety and hunger, occasional feeding with sour food or drinking cold water, etc. Because of these conditions, it is easy to cause intestinal flora imbalance, which leads to hemolytic Escherichia coli overproducing and producing toxins, and edema occurs after being absorbed by the human body.

3.7 Other factors

Other inducements, such as premature weaning, environmental change, vaccination, climate change, transportation, cold and heat stimulation and other stressors, will also weaken the resistance of piglets to pathogenic bacteria, lead to indigestion and diarrhea, lead to the imbalance of normal intestinal flora system, and also lead to the reproduction of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli.

The occurrence of edema disease.

4. Clinical symptoms

4. 1 most acute type

This type is rare, with sudden onset, inability to lie down, muscle and limb twitching, salivation, spitting, extremely difficult breathing and rapid death. Most of them are asymptomatic sudden death, and the course of disease is only1-2 hours.

4.2 Acute type

This type is common and often acute. Some people lose appetite or stop eating completely, and their body temperature is generally normal. Some people as high as 40.5℃ are ataxia, running aimlessly, bumping or circling. Some people kneel on the ground with their forelimbs upright or their limbs lying flat, and suddenly jump forward. Unable to stand or crawl, forced to walk with all limbs on the ground. Sometimes I vomit, and my skin feels like water waves. Its main characteristics are: severe eyelid edema, "fat" or edema in the neck and head, followed by nervous system symptoms: mental confusion and ataxia. The course of disease is generally 12-24h.

4.3 Chronic type

This type is relatively rare, with obvious edema in the head and eyelids, listlessness and inability to lie down. Timely symptomatic treatment at the initial stage of the disease can be cured. Finally, he died of emaciation and fatigue for 2-4 days.

5. Lesions

5. 1 Clinical pathological autopsy changes

The most drastic changes are not obvious or no lesions can be seen. Acute type and chronic type are basically similar. The main pathological changes at autopsy were gastric wall edema, especially at the gastric curvature and cardia. The edema area was obviously thickened, and there was colorless and transparent colloidal edema fluid between the muscular layer and mucosa, and there was diffuse bleeding at the bottom of the stomach. Mesenteric edema, especially mesenteric edema, swelling and congestion of mesenteric lymph nodes, wet and juicy slices. The mucosa of duodenum and jejunum is diffuse hyperemia, and the mucosa of large intestine is catarrhal enteritis. There are many hydrops in pericardium, chest cavity and abdominal cavity. Pneumocele, lung subpleural scattered in the bleeding focus, liver slightly swollen, yellow in color, and irregular gray-white lesions can sometimes be seen on its surface. The spleen is slightly enlarged, and sometimes meningoedema can be seen. There are bilateral symmetrical softening foci in the brain, and no obvious lesions are found in other tissues.

5.2 Histopathological changes

The pathological changes of the disease are serous non-suppurative encephalitis, serous pericarditis, serous degenerative hepatitis, serous splenitis, serous hemorrhagic lymphadenitis, serous cellulose hemorrhagic pneumonia, serous gastroenteritis and so on.

5.3 Ultrastructural pathological changes

Ileal villi are arranged in disorder, polarity is lost, microvilli are sparse and degenerated, and microvilli fall off and disappear in some parts. The cell membrane of intestinal absorption epithelium swelled and ruptured, and occasionally cytoplasm overflowed; Endoplasmic reticulum expands, mitochondria swells, cristae breaks obviously and the number of lysosomes increases. The nucleus is still intact, the number of nucleoli increases, and chromatin moves sideways. The nucleoli of the liver is enlarged, and the heterochromatin edge set and perinuclear space are enlarged. Mitochondrial swelling and diffuse proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Lymphocyte degeneration, necrosis and eosinophilic bodies. The lymphatic sinus is extremely dilated, and Escherichia coli and its residues are trapped in it. The cell membrane structure is damaged. These changes are caused by endotoxin released by Escherichia coli.

Step 6 diagnose

The diagnosis was made according to epidemiological characteristics, clinical symptoms, autopsy changes and bacteriological examination.

6. 1 laboratory diagnosis

6. 1. 1 microscopic examination

The diseased material was taken as tissue contact piece, and the existence of Bacillus was observed under microscope.

6. 1. 1 Isolation and culture of bacteria

Liver, small intestine, submandibular lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph nodes were inoculated on common agar medium, MacKay medium, blood agar medium and iron trisaccharide medium respectively, and cultured at 37℃ for 24 h, and gray, smooth, moist, round and slightly convex colonies could be seen on common agar medium. On MacKay medium, round and red colonies can be seen. There is hemolysis on the blood culture medium. The colony growing on MacKay medium was punctured and inoculated on the inclined culture medium of iron trisaccharide, and the culture medium was yellow and bubbly. Gram-negative, flat and round bacilli can be seen by colony smear, Gram staining and microscopic examination.

6. 1.2 animal test

Colonies grown on MacKay medium were inoculated into broth medium and cultured at 37℃ for 24 h. 0.2-0.5mL broth culture was injected into the abdominal cavity of 3 healthy mice. Results 1 mouse died on the first day, and 2 mice died the next day. Pathological changes were observed after death, and lymph nodes of liver, intestine and mesentery were cross-inoculated on Mai Kangkai medium. When cultured at 37℃ for 24 h, the colony morphology was the same as 3.2. Take the above-mentioned colony smear for microscopic examination and Gram staining, and see Gram-negative, flat and obtuse Bacillus at both ends.

6. 1.3 Biochemical test

The red colonies on wheat culture medium were transplanted to ordinary agar slant culture medium for purification and culture, and then biochemical tests were carried out. The results showed that the strain could decompose glucose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, arabinose, lactose, rhamnose and sorbitol, and produce acid and gas. Does not produce h: s; Sodium citrate is not used; Indigo matrix and m.r. test were positive; Nitrate reduction test was positive; V ~ p test was negative; Gelatin does not liquefy. Biochemical test knot

6.2 Microbial detection

6.2. 1 Microscopic examination of smears of liver, spleen and lymph nodes of dead pigs revealed a small number of scattered Gram-negative Brevibacterium with blunt ends.

6.2.2 Take diseased materials and inoculate them on the culture medium with constant temperature of 37℃, and observe for 24h.

6.2.2. 1 Growth of smooth, gray, moist, round and slightly convex microcolonies on common culture medium. Typical colonies were selected on Mai Kangkai and 5% blood agar medium. There are red colonies on Mai Kangkai medium, and hemolysis rings around the colonies on blood agar medium.

6.2.2.2 glucose, lactose, mannose and maltose are fermented, but xylose, sucrose and rhamnose are not fermented, urea is not decomposed, and H is not produced.

6.3 Differential diagnosis

According to the epidemic law, clinical symptoms and autopsy changes of this disease, a diagnosis can generally be made. However, if the changes are not obvious and there are extensive congestion or bleeding lesions, it should be differentiated from classical swine fever and erysipelas. Weaned piglets usually have edema and their body temperature does not rise, while classical swine fever can attack pigs of all ages. Erysipelas is more common in shelf pigs, which leads to a significant increase in body temperature. It is not difficult to distinguish between classical swine fever and erysipelas because of their characteristic pathological changes in autopsy. A large number of hemolytic Escherichia coli can be isolated from the anterior segment of small intestine, but the blood and parenchymal organs are generally sterile. Erysipelas can be separated from blood and parenchymal organs.

7, prevention and control measures

7. 1 Effect of relieving nutritional stress of weaned piglets

Reasonable early weaning can improve the reproductive ability of sows and accelerate the growth of piglets. But early weaning is a kind of pressure for piglets, which mainly includes three aspects: first, the psychological pressure of mother-child separation; The other is the environmental stress of piglets from delivery room to nursery; The third is the nutritional stress of piglets' nutrition changing from breast milk to feed. Experts at home and abroad have made some research reports on these three kinds of coercion. The results show that nutritional pressure is the strongest and has the greatest influence, while psychological pressure and environmental pressure have little influence. To this end, it is necessary to start feeding as early as possible before weaning to over-adapt. Practice has proved that piglets can adapt to plant feed before weaning by using suckling pig feed from the age of 7 days. Gastrointestinal digestive function has been adapted, exercised and strengthened. Do not change feed after weaning 1 week, and gradually change to piglet feed after 1 week, which can reduce the influence of nutritional stress after weaning.

7.2 Reduce the content of protein in piglet feed.

The gastric acid secretion of piglets is less after early weaning. The activity of various proteases is low, especially not suitable for feed with high plant protein content. Therefore, the content of protein in piglet feed should not be higher than 19% and plant protein should not be higher than 15% within 3 weeks after weaning.

7.3 Application of Acidifier

Adding 1 .00%-1.50% citric acid (lactic acid and vinegar can also be used) to feed or drinking water after weaning1month can improve the acidity in the stomach, which is not only suitable for the reproduction of beneficial lactic acid bacteria, but also can inhibit the reproduction of harmful pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, and also can improve the activity of digestive enzymes, which has obvious effects on preventing and treating edema disease and piglet diarrhea. It is worth spreading widely.

7.4 iron supplementation

Piglets often have iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia not only affects the normal growth and development of piglets, but also causes secondary infection of Escherichia coli, leading to diarrhea and edema. Therefore, piglets should be injected with iron-supplementing and blood-enriching drugs such as hemosiderin, iron-drilling needle and Fengxuebao on the inner thigh of 3 days old.

7.5 selenium supplementation

Adding sodium selenite-vitamin E additive to feed or intramuscular injection of sodium selenite, sodium selenite-vitamin E is deficient, and the immune organs of the body have been damaged by oxides, which reduces the body's resistance and improves feeding management. It can not only prevent myopathy, liver malnutrition, mulberry heart and other diseases, but also prevent and treat edema disease of piglets.

7.6 Drug prevention

Commonly used drugs include bacitracin zinc, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, furazolidone, olaquindox, neomycin, quinolones and sulfonamides. The use of pharmaceutical feed additives has a certain effect on preventing diarrhea and edema in piglets.

7.7 vaccine prevention

At present, many scientific research units and manufacturers in China have developed and produced edema vaccines and vaccines to prevent yellow and white dysentery in piglets, all of which can prevent colibacillosis in piglets. We subcutaneously injected 1/4 ~ 1/3 piglets with K88 and K99 genetic engineering vaccines produced by Harbin Veterinary Research Institute before and after weaning. It was found that not only the diarrhea of piglets was reduced by more than 90% after weaning, but also the incidence of edema disease of piglets was significantly reduced. In China, 2ml of inactivated vaccine for piglet edema and paratyphoid fever (pilot product) developed by Microbiology Department of College of Animal Science and Technology of Sichuan Agricultural University was injected into each muscle of pregnant sows and piglets over 15 days old, which reduced the incidence and mortality of piglet edema by about 30%. Therefore, the application of vaccine to prevent the disease has obvious effect and low cost, which is worth popularizing.

7.8 deworming before and after weaning

Using various insect repellents before and after weaning can prevent parasites from eroding the intestinal mucosa, prevent Escherichia coli from invading people and destroying the intestinal mucosa, thus reducing the occurrence of edema disease and diarrhea in piglets.

7.9 Eliminate the source of infection

Isolation of sick pigs, good sanitation in piggery, daily cleaning of feces and urine, regular strict disinfection, no urine accumulation and sewage storage in piggery, and installation of automatic drinking fountains are all conducive to controlling the occurrence and prevalence of this disease.

7. Treatment of10 edema disease

Piglet edema disease is difficult to treat, but it is not incurable. The key to treatment is early detection, early diagnosis, early isolation and early treatment. approach

The practice of sickbed has proved that the use of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs plus vitamin C has a good therapeutic effect, and at the same time, it is necessary to minimize the interference to sick pigs.

7. 10. 1

In order to control systemic symptoms, sulfadiazine sodium was injected into the ear vein at the ratio of 20-25mg/kg body weight and 50% glucose10ml, and kanamycin sulfate, vitamin C 6, vitamin B2-3ml and 50% glucose10ml were injected into the ear vein twice a day for 2-3 days. To eliminate edema, 20% mannitol100–150ml should be injected into ear vein. To protect the heart, intramuscular injection of 10% caffeine sodium 4 m 1.

7. 10.2

Consolidation and prevention For piglets whose condition has improved, hydrocortisone 20-50rag or chloramphenicol 250,000 units or gentamicin 680,000 units can be injected intramuscularly, 65,438+0 times a day. In order to prevent the piglets in the same litter from getting sick, each piglet was given sulfadiazine sodium tablets,1–1.50 tablets a day for 2–3 days.

8, treatment methods

The combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine and symptomatic treatment can prevent allergies, eliminate edema and inhibit intestinal pathogens, and early diagnosis and treatment can achieve good results.

8. 1. 10 ml of 20% compound sulfadiazine sodium or 6 methoxysulfadiazine Laura, intramuscular injection twice a day for 3-5 days; 5%- 10% calcium chloride and 4% urotropine, 5 10ml each, mixed and injected intravenously; 0. 1% sodium selenite injection was injected intramuscularly, 5 10k g piglets were 2-3 ml, and piglets over 20kg were 5ral. In severe cases, reuse it every 5-6 days 1 time. In addition, knock-in laxatives can also be used to relieve constipation in sick pigs, so as to reduce the absorption of poisons and play an active therapeutic role.

8.2 Anthrax 4-6 ml, intramuscular injection, twice a day for 3 days; 0. 1% sodium selenite 3-4 ml, intramuscular injection 1, severe patients every 5-6 days 1.

8.3 Kanamycin sulfate was injected intramuscularly at the rate of 25mg per kilogram of body weight, twice a day for 3 days; 200ml of 5% glucose was injected intravenously, twice a day for 2 days according to the condition and size of pigs; Oral Chinese medicine: Rhizoma Atractylodis 15g, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Poria, Fructus Aurantii each 10g, Cortex Cinnamomi, Herba Ephedrae, Radix Aucklandiae each 6g, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae 9g, and Radix Glycyrrhizae 3g, decocted in water for 2 days (30Icg pig dosage).

8.4 Vitamin B120.10.5 mg–kg body weight, Radix Isatidis injection 0.6 ml/kg body weight, streptomycin 30 mg/kg body weight, three drugs mixed intramuscular injection; In addition, sodium selenite and vitamin E 0.3 ml/kg body weight were injected intramuscularly. Twice a day for 3 days. Compounded with traditional Chinese medicines: 50g of mirabilite, 25g of Folium Isatidis, 25g of rhubarb, 20g of morning glory, 25g of Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, 20 g of Gardeniae, Hedyotis diffusa 15g, Poria 15g, Radix Curcumae 15g, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae 15g and Plantago/kloc. * * * Fine powder is brewed with 3000rrd boiling water, and 250g of brown sugar is added as the guide (the above dosage is 10 pig weight 10kg). Eat it once or let the pigs drink it themselves, every other day 1 time, twice.

8.5 Ginger garlic powder in the traditional Chinese medicine pool: adzuki bean 100g, Phytolacca acinosa 16g, ginger 1O tablets, and garlic 6 tablets, which can be cured by decoction and gastric tube administration, daily 1 dose, usually 1-2 doses. At the same time, western medicine was used: sodium selenite and vitamin E were injected intramuscularly for the first time 10ml, and halved the next day; Sulfadiazine sodium, sulfamethoxazine sodium and Radix Isatidis injection 5 10ml, intramuscular injection 1 time alternately every morning and evening; 306 ml of 50% glucose, 2040 ml of calcium gluconate and 0/0 ml of urotropine/kloc were mixed and injected intravenously. Deep enema with soapy water can be used when constipation occurs. After recovery, in order to prevent recurrence, in addition to strengthening feeding management, Bl2, vitamin D colloidal calcium and adenosine triphosphate (2ml each) can be mixed into muscle pits, generally every four days/kloc-0 times, twice in a row, and the effect is very good.

8.6 fresh jujube leaves 10%, plantain 100g, sugar 30g, mashed and fed. Feed those who are seriously ill and have no appetite. At the same time, stop feeding for 3-4 days (only giving medicine and water), graze if possible, and strengthen exercise. Take it three times a day, and you can recover after taking it for 3 ~ 4 days.

9. discussion

9. 1 Hemolytic Escherichia coli, the pathogen of piglet edema disease, exists in the intestines of healthy pigs. When the immunoglobulin in the breast milk of weaned piglets is lost, and due to the sudden change of temperature, the content of protein and starch in the feed is too high, while the supply of vitamins and minerals with low content of turquoise feed and plant protein is insufficient.

9.2 Although piglet edema disease can occur all year round, April ~ 10 is the most frequent period of the disease. The sudden change of temperature is a very important factor to induce diseases. Therefore, whenever the cold air in the north goes south and the temperature gets cold, it is necessary to keep the pigsty warm in time.

9.3 Clinically, it is observed that those piglets with strong physique and good nutrition are the first to get sick or die. We believe that the inducing mechanism is mainly excessive consumption of high starch feed and turquoise feed rich in concentrated protein and lacking in low protein. Due to the incomplete development of digestive function of weaned piglets, less gastric acid secretion and the activity of various proteases, when the gastrointestinal tract receives a large number of viscous and high-quality feed, abnormal fermentation will occur in the gastrointestinal tract, producing harmful substances, leading to digestive dysfunction. In this way, when the resistance is weakened, pathogenic Escherichia coli will take the opportunity to invade, grow and multiply in large numbers, and produce a large number of toxins to cause disease. Therefore, before and after weaning, it is necessary to feed less concentrated feed with high starch and high protein, and more green leaf feed with less plant protein, and supplement vitamins and minerals appropriately.

9.4 There is no specific medicine for the treatment of edema disease in piglets. If we can achieve early prevention, early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment, we can achieve satisfactory results.

9.5 Vaccination of piglet edema disease vaccine is an important method to prevent this disease at present, and comprehensive preventive measures are better.

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