Textile scientific papers 1
Analysis on the Development of Textile Metrology
Abstract:? Food, clothing, housing and transportation? In the basic needs of human life, clothes are the first. Textile industry plays an important role in human life, industrial development and scientific and technological progress. Textile metrology has an important influence on textile industry, monitoring quality, guiding production and improving technology. Therefore, the development of textile metrology is enough to influence and promote the development of textile industry, which shows the importance of textile metrology in the whole textile industry. However, with the tortuous development of the whole textile industry, textile metrology has experienced ups and downs. 201From May 9th to May 9th, 2 1 1, the Textile Metrology Technical Committee held a review meeting on the calibration specification of electronic single-yarn strength machine (machine) in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province, and the meeting approved the calibration specification of electronic single-yarn strength machine (machine)1. This is the second review meeting of textile metrology calibration standards organized after Ningbo Conference in 2009, which indicates that textile metrology has entered a step-by-step and effective development stage.
Keywords: textile industry; Textile metrology; Verification/calibration; Calibration specification; standard
China Library Classification Number: X79 1 Document Identification Number: A
1 Overview of Textile Metrology
JJF "General Measurement Terms and Definitions"? Measurement? Input (measurement) is defined as the activity of realizing unit unification and accurate and reliable numerical value. Belonging to measurement, derived from measurement, more stringent than general measurement. It involves the whole measurement field and plays a guiding, supervising and guaranteeing role in measuring according to law. Metrology, like other metrology, is a method and means for people to integrate theory with practice, understand and transform nature, and is an indispensable and important application in the development of science and technology, economy and society. However, measurement and testing are two completely different concepts. Testing is a kind of experimental measurement, which can also be understood as the combination of measurement and testing. It has the characteristics of exploration, analysis, research and experiment. Measurement is the combination of technology and management, and all scientific, legal and management activities aimed at achieving the unity of measurement units and accurate and reliable measurement belong to the measurement category.
With the development of market economy, metrological calibration is gradually accepted by more domestic users. The proportion of calibration in the metrological activities carried out by domestic metrological technical institutions has gradually increased, and it has been compared with verification as a new metrological activity. Textile metrology is a part of engineering metrology (also called industrial metrology) and the application of metrology science in textile industry. Mainly reflected in the manufacturing, use, management, value traceability, value transfer, verification/calibration and other aspects of textile special instruments. The main contents of textile metrology include: revision of verification regulations/calibration specifications, determination of textile metrology standards, periodic verification/calibration and other activities. At present, the traceability mode of textile instruments is mainly from verification to calibration. Correctly carry out verification and calibration activities, use the results of verification and calibration, and finally realize the unity of values, provide technical support for the textile industry, and then ensure the healthy development of the textile industry.
2 the development of textile industry and textile metrology
In China, the development of textile industry changes with the changes of the competent department of textile and garment industry, People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Textile Industry. 1949 In June, the Ministry of Textile Industry of the Central People's Government was established, and the textile industry of New China began to develop. In the early days of the People's Republic of China, there was a shortage of materials, especially textiles related to people's livelihood. The state vigorously supports the textile industry and builds textile factories throughout the country. 1954 became the Ministry of Textile Industry of People's Republic of China (PRC) in September. The textile industry has developed on a large scale and spread all over the country, striving for the upper reaches and overcoming difficulties. A number of large textile enterprises have emerged, and technicians from all over the country have exchanged and supported each other. After that, the textile industry was once brilliant for more than 30 years. 1March, 1998, the Ministry of Textile Industry was changed to the State Bureau of Textile Industry. In February, 20001year, the State Textile Industry Bureau was abolished and the China Textile Industry Association was established. In the era of planned economy, the traditional textile industry gradually withdrew from the development trend, especially the large state-owned textile enterprises that have been prosperous for decades have gone bankrupt, closed down and reformed. The emerging textile and garment industry began to step onto the historical stage. Once a small workshop, famous brands such as Youngor, Ba Jin and Li Lang began to dominate the fashion trend.
Similarly, textile metrology, as an important technical support of textile and garment industry, fluctuates with the trend of textile industry. 1984 After the promulgation and implementation of China's Metrology Law, under the auspices of the former Ministry of Textile, the Verification Regulation of Textile Special Instruments was immediately formulated. After 19 kinds of metrological verification regulations for special textile instruments were approved in April, 1985 and implemented in June, 1985, 66 departmental metrological verification regulations for textile instruments and standards were issued in seven batches from June, 1995 to June, 1985. It basically covered all the testing instruments and equipment in the textile industry at that time. The most important thing was that the government, industries, departments and enterprises attached great importance to it from the formulation of verification regulations to the promulgation and implementation of standards. From the Ministry of Textile to the provincial metrology stations, and then to the metrology departments of textile enterprises, they studied hard, exchanged widely, and strictly implemented the textile metrology verification regulations and relevant metrology laws and regulations, and the development of textile metrology reached glory.
In 200 1 year, the national textile industry bureau was abolished, and in the following two years, the textile industry departments of all provinces in China were also abolished. Coupled with the reform of the national economic system, the planned economy has gradually turned into a market economy, and there is no shortage of textiles and clothing. The traditional textile industry began to decline or even close down. Textile metrology was once in a downturn. During the ten years from 200 1 to 20 10, there is basically no development, and even many provinces and textile metrology technical departments have encountered embarrassing situations. In 2006, according to the measurement management requirements, the measurement requirements of textile instruments were changed from verification to calibration, the verification regulations were cancelled and replaced by calibration specifications, and the calibration specifications of textile instruments were outdated and missing.
Until 2009, the Science and Technology Development Department of China Textile Industry Association held the 2009 National Textile Metrology Calibration Standard Work Conference in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province from 1 65438+1October 30 to 65438+February1. 38 representatives from 27 units including textile metrology institutions at all levels and textile instrument enterprises attended the meeting. The meeting reviewed the history of textile metrology, analyzed the problems faced by textile metrology at present, and reached several opinions on further developing textile metrology: we should pay close attention to the preparation and revision of textile metrology calibration norms, and strive to solve the problems of aging and lack of norms in 3-5 years; Establish and improve the textile metrology technical committee as soon as possible, and start the textile metrology work in an all-round way; Vigorously promote the standardization of textile metrology and cultivate textile metrology talents; Formulate the Interim Measures for the Revision and Management of Textile Metrology Calibration Standards as soon as possible, and establish an effective working mechanism; Find out the standards of measurement calibration, the status quo of measurement institutions and instrument enterprises, give full play to the role of measurement institutions and instrument enterprises at all levels, and strive to create a new situation in measurement work.
3. Problems in textile measurement
3. 1 The calibration specification is aging and missing. At present, there are more than 100 kinds of special textile instruments, but only 24 new calibration specifications have been finalized and 12 has been promulgated and implemented. The Technical Committee of Textile Metrology, the competent department of textile metrology, still has a lot of work, and the support of the government and enterprises is not enough.
3.2 Textile measurement standards need to be unified and standardized, and the technical parameters of instrument manufacturers need to be consistent. At the same time, the metrological performance of imported textile instruments should be well documented.
3.3 New varieties and new products of textile instruments are gradually emerging, such as cotton fiber airflow meter, water seepage meter, electric blast drying oven, fabric moisture permeability meter, fabric air permeability meter and other instruments. Metrological calibration work also needs rules to follow, or refer to existing similar calibration specifications, or formulate corresponding specifications.
3.4 Textile metrology technical institutions, personnel, capacity building and other aspects are weak, lacking regulatory functions. Government metrological management departments and legal metrological technical institutions have not paid enough attention to the textile special metrological work, and their support is weak.
4 Suggestions on textile metrology
4. 1 Department Note: Textile Metrology Technical Committee is the competent department of textile metrology. Relying on the National Textile Metrology Station, we will pay more attention to textile metrology, provide unified guidance and coordination in the aspects of calibration specification improvement, information collection and arrangement, technical guidance, organization exchange and study, and standard device configuration, organize the formulation of relevant technical regulations for textile metrology, and undertake relevant metrological supervision and management. Textile metrology technical institutions in all provinces and cities should actively cooperate and participate.
4.2 Government supervision: AQSIQ and local metrological administrative departments should increase policy support for daily management of textile metrology and special textile instruments, and consider bringing textile metrology into local administrative metrological management, such as strength, temperature, length and quality. Clarify the functions and responsibilities of textile metrology technical institutions and attach importance to textile metrology.
4.3 Enterprise support: Textile metrology has a long way to go, which requires not only the attention of departments, but also the strong support of the whole industry, especially enterprises, including the cooperation and support of instrument manufacturers and fiber textile and garment enterprises.
According to the statistics of national textile fiber inspection institutions, except Tibet and Hainan, there are fiber and textile inspection institutions in 3/kloc-0 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Textile metrology should be effectively combined with fiber metrology departments to form a joint force, and supervision and management should be combined with technical services to complement each other's advantages, forge ahead and develop rapidly. Strengthen the information communication of textile fiber measurement institutions in various countries, promote mutual exchange, and serve the development of textile measurement, the improvement of textile testing ability and the revitalization of textile industry.
refer to
Guo Ming. Textile Industry Metrology and Enterprise Energy Saving [J]. Industrial Metrology, 2007(3).
[2] The new system of measurement in the textile industry? SL system? [J]。 Hemp textile technology, 1980( 1).
Textile science and technology paper II
Flame retardant textiles
abstract:
By expounding the flame retardant mechanism of textiles, this paper introduces several processing methods, commonly used evaluation and testing methods and the development trend of flame retardant textiles.
Keywords: flame retardant textiles; Flame retardant mechanism; Processing method; Combustion performance test
introduce
With the development of modern science and technology and the progress of textile industry, there are more and more kinds of textiles, and their application scope is expanding to all aspects of people's production and life. However, textile materials are generally flammable or combustible, which is easy to cause fire accidents. According to statistics, more than 20% of fire accidents in the world are caused or expanded by textile burning, especially residential fires. Therefore, the flame retardant function of textiles is extremely important to eliminate fire hazards, delay the spread of fire and reduce the loss of people's lives and property. In recent years, many countries have carried out research on textile flame retardant technology, and formulated corresponding test methods of textile combustion performance, flame retardant product standards and application regulations.
Flame retardant mechanism of 1 textiles
So-called? Flame retardant? It is not that the flame-retardant finished textiles will not burn when they contact the fire source, but try to reduce the flammability of the fabrics, slow down the spread speed and not form large-scale combustion. It will extinguish itself quickly after leaving the flame, and will not continue to burn or smolder [1-3].
1. 1 combustion and flame retardant principles of fiber materials
The combustion of synthetic fiber is that the material contacts with a high-temperature heat source, and after absorbing heat, a pyrolysis reaction occurs, which generates combustible gas and burns when it meets oxygen. After the heat generated by combustion is absorbed by the fiber, it promotes the fiber to continue pyrolysis and further combustion, forming a cycle. In this regard, people put forward the basic principles of flame retardant: reducing (or basically not reducing) the generation of pyrolysis gas, hindering the basic reaction of gas phase combustion, absorbing the heat in the combustion zone, diluting and isolating air, etc.
Flame Retardant Mechanism of 1.2 Flame Retardant
Flame retardants for fibers include magnesium aluminum hydroxide, boron-containing compounds, boron halide compounds, halogen flame retardants, phosphorus flame retardants, etc. The flame retardant mechanism of different flame retardants is quite different. To sum up, there are mainly the following.
1.2. 1 overlay mechanism
After the flame retardant is added to the combustible substance, it can form a glassy or stable foam coating on the polymer surface at high temperature, which plays the role of heat insulation and air isolation, can prevent heat transfer, reduce the release of combustible gas and isolate oxygen, thus achieving the purpose of flame retardant. There are two ways for flame retardant to form isolation film. One is that the degradation products of flame retardant promote the dehydration and carbonization of fiber surface, and then form a more stable cross-linked solid substance or carbonized layer. The carbonized layer can prevent the polymer from further thermal cracking, and also prevent the thermal decomposition products inside it from entering the gas phase to participate in the combustion process. The flame retardant effect of phosphorus-containing flame retardant on oxygen-containing polymers is realized in this way. Secondly, the flame retardant decomposes into a non-volatile glassy substance at the combustion temperature, which coats the polymer surface and plays the role of an isolation film. Boron-based flame retardants and phosphorus halide flame retardants have similar characteristics.
1.2.2 asphyxiation mechanism of nonflammable gas
When the flame retardant is decomposed by heat, it generates non-combustible gas, which dilutes the concentration of combustible gas decomposed by fiber combustion to below the concentration that can generate flame, and at the same time dilutes the oxygen concentration in the combustion zone to prevent the combustion from continuing, and takes away some heat due to gas generation and thermal convection, thus achieving the flame retardant effect [4-5].
1.2.3 endothermic mechanism
The heat released by any combustion in a short time is limited. If part of the heat released by the fire source can be absorbed in a short time, the flame temperature will be reduced, the heat radiated to the combustion surface and acting on free radicals will be reduced, and the combustion reaction will be suppressed.
At high temperature, the flame retardant will undergo endothermic dehydration, phase change, decomposition or other endothermic reactions, which will reduce the temperature of fiber surface and combustion area, reduce the surface temperature of combustible substances, effectively inhibit the generation of combustible gas, prevent the spread of combustion, and finally destroy the conditions for maintaining polymer combustion, thus achieving the purpose of flame retardant. Such as aluminum, magnesium, boron and other inorganic flame retardants, give full play to their characteristics of absorbing a lot of heat when combined with water vapor, and improve their own flame retardant ability.
1.2.4 free radical control mechanism
According to the chain reaction theory of combustion, it is free radicals that maintain combustion. The flame retardant captures the free radicals in the combustion reaction in the gas phase combustion zone, prevents the flame from spreading, reduces the flame density in the combustion zone, and finally slows down the combustion reaction until it is terminated. If the evaporation temperature of halogen-containing flame retardant is the same as or close to the decomposition temperature of polymer, when the polymer is decomposed by heat, the flame retardant also volatilizes. At this time, the halogen-containing flame retardant and thermal decomposition products are in the gas phase combustion zone at the same time, and halogen can capture the free radicals in the combustion reaction, prevent the flame from spreading, reduce the flame density in the combustion zone, and finally slow down the combustion reaction until it is terminated [6-7].
1.2.5 catalytic dehydration mechanism
The flame retardant generates carboxylic acid and anhydride with dehydration ability at high temperature, which reacts with fiber matrix to promote dehydration and carbonization and reduce the generation of combustible gas.
2 processing methods of flame retardant textiles
Studying the flame retardant technology of fabric means giving the fabric a certain flame retardant performance by physical or chemical methods, reducing the flammability of materials and slowing down the speed of flame spread. Its essence is to destroy the burning process of fibers in fabrics. In recent years, countries around the world have mainly carried out research on fabric flame retardant technology from the following two aspects: first, producing flame retardant fibers; The second is the flame retardant finishing of fabrics [8-9].
2. 1 Manufacture of Flame Retardant Fiber
The way of fiber flame retardant is to prevent or reduce the thermal decomposition of fiber, isolate or dilute oxygen, and quickly cool it to stop burning. In order to achieve the above objectives, flame retardants with flame retardant function are generally added to chemical fibers by polymer polymerization, * * mixing, * * poly, composite spinning, graft modification and other methods. Or the flame retardant is coated on the surface of the fiber or infiltrated into the fiber by a finishing method. In practical application, many kinds of flame retardants often achieve flame retardant effect in more than two ways.
2. 1. 1 * * polymerization method
At present, flame-retardant acrylic fiber and polyester fiber are mostly produced by * * * polymerization, and the technology is mature. Because the flame retardant elements are combined on the fiber-forming polymer chain, the flame retardant performance is lasting and has little influence on other properties of the fiber. The flame-retardant acrylic fiber produced by this method is usually called modified acrylic fiber.
2. 1.2 *** mixing method
* * * mixing technology has the characteristics of simple production and flexible variety replacement, and is an important technical route for the development of flame-retardant fibers. Almost all flame-retardant chemical fibers can be prepared by this method.
2. 1.3 grafting method
Mainly used for preparing flame-retardant polyester or blended fabrics. Methods include chemical method, radiation method and plasma method. Grafts are all compounds containing unsaturated double bonds. Grafting technology is flexible, which can be used for both fiber flame retardant and fabric flame retardant, but it has not been industrialized because of its high cost and complicated equipment.
2. 1.4 sheath-core composite spinning method
The flame-retardant composite fiber made of * * * mixed or * * * poly flame-retardant polymer as the core and common polymer as the skin can avoid the problems of discoloration and poor light resistance of flame-retardant fiber, and improve the stability and dyeing performance of flame-retardant performance, but the processing equipment requirements are high.
2. 1.5 Intrinsic Flame Retardant Fiber
According to the properties, flame-retardant fibers can be divided into flame-retardant conventional modified fibers and flame-retardant high-performance fibers. Flame-retardant polyester and acrylic fiber have the largest output. Due to the needs of aerospace and other high technologies and the development of military industry, flame-retardant high-performance fibers have been widely used. Flame-retardant high-performance fibers mainly include aramid Nomex and Kevlar, polyimide such as Kermal, polysulfonamide, polyarylene, phenolic resin, polytetrafluoroethylene, ceramics, glass and other fibers.
2.2 Flame retardant finishing of fabrics
The flame retardant finishing of fabric is to coat the flame retardant on the fabric by adsorption, deposition, chemical bonding and adhesion. Physical and chemical reactions occur when encountering fire, thus achieving flame retardant effect.
2.2. 1 spraying
It is suitable for decorative fabrics and architectural fabrics such as carpets and wall covering, which do not need washing or need less washing times. Generally, there is no post-treatment such as water washing after spraying, so the requirements for the selection of flame retardants are not high, and the process is simple and the operation is simple.
Padding and dipping
Suitable for processing pajamas, bedding and furniture. , you can also process coats. The flame retardant is required to have excellent washing fastness. Can be used in combination with other special functions-bath padding finishing, or step-by-step treatment. This treatment method has complex process, wide application range and higher cost than spraying.
coating
Suitable for processing labor protection clothing and decorative fabrics. There are high requirements for the selection of flame retardants, which require good flame retardancy and heat resistance. In the process of processing, it is generally carried out simultaneously with other special functional coatings.
3 Testing of Flame Retardant Fabric
GB/T 1759 1-2006 "Flame Retardant Fabrics" stipulates the product classification, technical requirements, test methods, inspection rules, packaging and marking of flame retardant fabrics, which are suitable for woven fabrics and knitted fabrics for decoration, interior decoration and flame retardant protection.
3. 1 standard
There are usually two criteria to judge the flame-retardant performance of fabrics: one is to judge from the burning speed of fabrics, that is, to contact the flame-retardant finished fabrics for a certain period of time according to the prescribed method, and then remove the flame, and to determine the time of continuous burning of fabrics with and without flame, as well as the damage degree of fabrics. The shorter the time of flame burning and flameless burning, the lower the damage degree and the better the flame retardant performance of the fabric. On the contrary, it shows that the flame retardancy of the fabric is not good.
The other is to judge by measuring the limiting oxygen index of the sample. All fabrics need oxygen for combustion, and the oxygen index LOI is the expression of the amount of oxygen needed for sample combustion, so the flame retardant performance of fabrics can be judged by measuring the oxygen index. The higher the oxygen index, the higher the oxygen concentration needed to maintain combustion, which means it is more difficult to burn. The index can be expressed by the minimum oxygen volume percentage required for the sample to maintain combustion in nitrogen-oxygen mixed gas. Theoretically speaking, as long as the oxygen index of textile materials is greater than 2 1%, it will self-extinguish in the air. According to the size of the oxygen index, textiles are usually divided into four grades (LOI: 35%). In fact, almost all traditional textile materials are flammable or combustible.
3.2 test methods
The combustion test method is mainly used to test the damaged length, area, afterburning time, smoldering time and flame spreading speed of samples.
According to the relative position between the sample and the flame, it can be divided into vertical method, inclined method and horizontal method. The international standardization of flammability test methods for textile materials has been quite comprehensive and perfect. International and foreign advanced standards including ISO, ASTM, BS and JIS each have more than 65,438+00 related test method standards. Such as: GB/T5454-1997 textile combustion performance test oxygen index method, GB/T5455-1997 textile combustion performance test vertical method, GB/T5456-2009 textile combustion performance test vertical flame spread determination, GB 197. Determination of directional damage area and flame contact times, FZ/T0 1028 horizontal method for determination of flammability of textile fabrics, etc.
At present, China mainly uses GB/T5455― 1997 "Vertical Method for Testing the Flammability of Textiles" to test the flame retardancy of garments. The principle is that a sample with a certain size is perpendicular to the specified combustion test chamber, and the continuous combustion time and smoldering time of the sample are measured after the specified flame is ignited 12 s to remove the fire source. After smoldering stops, the damaged length is measured according to the specified method.
4 Development trend of flame retardant textiles
With the rapid development of textile technology, China flame-retardant textiles have also made great progress in recent years, and presented different development trends.
4. 1 function composition
In recent years, flame-retardant functional textiles have put forward new requirements according to different applications of textile fabrics, such as curtains and curtains used in humid environments such as bathrooms. In addition to flame retardancy, they also require mildew resistance and water resistance; Fabric used for clothes, sofas, sheets, etc. It needs flame retardant and has health care function. In the military field, camouflage materials for combat uniforms and military equipment requires not only flame retardancy, but also anti-counterfeiting function. In China, the research on flame-retardant and antistatic textiles has been relatively mature, and there are also research on flame-retardant and oil-proof products. Developing textiles with health care function is worthy of attention.
4.2 Environmental protection
Green flame-retardant fiber refers to reducing the toxic effect of the production process on the environment and operators, and preventing the fiber from having adverse effects on the wearer, which will not happen in case of fire? Secondary poisoning? . This is because the flame retardants used in flame retardant fibers generally contain halogen, phosphorus, sulfur and other elements, and most of them are highly toxic, which will have a certain toxic effect on operators in the process of flame retardant synthesis and fiber production. Three wastes? Our emissions will bring serious environmental pollution. From the perspective of environmental protection, human safety and flame retardant efficiency, it is the future development trend to develop halogen-free, efficient, low-smoke, low-toxic environmentally friendly flame retardant textiles. As a typical halogen-free flame retardant, silicone flame retardant has the characteristics of high efficiency, non-toxicity, low smoke and no pollution, and has the characteristics of improving dispersibility and processability.
4.3 High-tech
High-tech fiber is a series of high-performance and high-functional fibers developed with the development of high-tech industry. The application of high-tech fiber in the production process has developed a series of new technologies, such as electrostatic spinning, gel spinning, film splitting spinning, liquid crystal spinning, centrifugal spinning and so on. This has brought new vitality to the synthetic fiber industry. High-tech flame retardant fiber is one of the important branches. Because of its unique chemical structure, high-tech flame retardant fiber has the characteristics of high temperature resistance and flame retardancy without adding flame retardant or modifying it. Such as polyacrylonitrile preoxidized fiber (OPANF), polybenzimidazole (PBI), poly (p-phenylene terephthalamide), melamine formaldehyde fiber (MF), etc.
4.4 Comfortable flame retardant fiber
In the environment of high temperature, strong thermal radiation and open flame, operators must wear flame-retardant protective clothing or thermal protective clothing. Under the above conditions, people's heat load is too high, and it is difficult to maintain normal work efficiency for a long time. Therefore, for flame retardant textiles, the comfort of textiles must be considered. For flame retardant fibers, flame retardancy, spinnability and thermal and wet comfort should be considered.
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(Author: Zhejiang Textile Testing and Research Institute)