A navigator refers to a person who takes adventure at sea as his occupation.
China's navigation developed very early, and there was a story of 3,000 boys and girls crossing the sea to Japan in the Qin Dynasty.
Later, Jian Zhen Du Dong became famous.
Zheng He made great achievements in his seven voyages to the West in Ming Dynasty.
In the late Ming Dynasty, the government was corrupt and invaded by Japanese pirates, and the Ming government began to ban the sea, which restricted the development of China's maritime industry.
During this period, the navigation industry in Europe was developed, and Spain and Portugal became the maritime hegemons at that time.
The famous navigator is
Christopher Columbus (145 1- 1506)
[Edit this paragraph] The maiden voyage was successful
At the beginning of August, everything is ready to go to sea. The most famous fleet sailing on the ocean will be anchored at palos Port, a small seaport in southwest Spain. Including Columbus's flagship Santa Maria and two light sailboats, Pinta and Nina (la Pinta, la Ni? Santa Maria. Three ships of different sizes are equipped with cannons, goods traded with local aborigines, and food such as food for six months. The flagship "Santa Maria" weighs 130 tons, is about 35 meters long and has a deck length of 18 meters. It has three masts and is equipped with angle sails, and its captain is Columbus. The second ship is Pinta, and the captain is Martin Binson. It weighs 90 tons and is very fast. The length of the hull is only half that of the flagship. The third Nina weighs about 60 tons and is the captain of Martin's brother Vincent Binson. The Benson brothers also participated in the expedition as investors, and their success is closely related to their vital interests.
The most difficult job is to recruit sailors, a considerable number of whom are Columbus's friends, servants and curious officials. Under the conditions of this voyage, quite a few prisoners were pardoned. There are 88 people in all, including a linguist who knows Arabic. This is because people thought Arabic was the mother tongue of all languages at that time, so linguists planned to act as translators when meeting with China Khan.
1On August 3, 492, Columbus led the fleet to anchor. There was no wind, the sails hung feebly, and the fleet slowly sailed out along the Tinto River at low tide.
On August 12, the fleet sailed to the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa. After adding firewood and supplies, the fleet left the Canary Islands on September 6, and no one escaped because all the crew members were in a good mood. The fleet sailed due west in the northeast wind that often blows near the Canary Islands. According to Columbus' sailing experience in this area a few years ago, this northeast wind is the best wind direction to cross the ocean to Japan.
The fleet sailed day and night along the east wind, and sometimes it could sail westward 150 miles. But day after day, the empty sea is always displayed in front of people. The crew led a monotonous life at sea. From morning till night, the boatman tells the time according to the hourglass every 30 minutes. The crew changes shifts every four hours. In the late15th century, only the captain and one or two senior officials had the right to enjoy comfortable cabins and berths on board, so the off-duty crew could only lie on the deck and chat lazily or have a good sleep in the shade.
On the first day of his voyage, Columbus had a very happy time. The fresh morning, warm afternoon and quiet sea brought him great happiness. The only thing that made him anxious was the anxiety of the sailors. Columbus prepared two logbooks at the beginning. He estimated that the record of the actual distance of driving every day was secret; The voyage recorded in the other book is much smaller than the actual voyage, and it is open, so that the crew will not feel frightened and lose confidence when the voyage is extended. But because Columbus always overestimated the speed, his fake diary was closer to the actual situation.
Although, two weeks later, due to the change of wind direction, the fleet began to travel against the wind, but this made Columbus breathe a sigh of relief. He wrote in his diary, "I just need this headwind because the crew are worried that there will never be a suitable wind to send them back to Spain." ......
The happiest day of Columbus's life was a few months after his return. In mid-April, he was called into the palace and was awarded the title of general. The grand reception also surprised Columbus. Columbus also became a hero at that time.
James Cook James Cook (1728- 1779)
James cook was an English explorer, navigator and cartographer. He is famous all over the world because he has made three expeditions. Through these explorations, he added new contents to people's geographical knowledge about the ocean, especially the Pacific Ocean. He is also believed to have contributed to the prevention of scurvy during long-term navigation by improving the diet of the crew, including increasing fruits and vegetables. Captain Cook's great voyages in the Pacific Ocean and Antarctica made great contributions to the development of world science, and he was also the first person to draw a chart of the east coast of Australia.
Cook was born on 1728127 October in a poor peasant family in Yorkshire, England. At the age of 18, he got a job with a ship owner and sailed to the Baltic Sea several times. When the Anglo-French War broke out, he was drafted into the Royal Navy as a strong sailor. In less than a month, he was promoted to first mate. Four years later, he was promoted to captain. 1759, he authorized a ship to participate in the battle on the St. Lawrence River. 1763 After the war, Cook, as the captain of the schooner "grenville", undertook the investigation of New Zealand, Labrador and Nova Scotia. In more than four years, he has made many important achievements. These results were later published by the British government.
Magellan Ferdinand Magellan (1480- 152 1)
Magellan (full name: Ferdinand? Magellan, Portuguese: fern? O demagalo? es； Spanish: ferdinand magellan), a famous Portuguese navigator and explorer, was successively Portugal (1505 ~ 15 12) and Spain (1519 ~152/kloc-). The location starts from Spain, bypasses South America, discovers strait of magellan and then crosses the Pacific Ocean. Although he was killed in the Philippines, his fleet continued to sail west and returned to Spain, completing the first round-the-world voyage in history. It is considered by the world to be the first person to sail around the world. The oceans he passed through were: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
Da gama. Portuguese, (1497~ 1498), is a new sea route from Europe to India.
Portuguese navigator who pioneered the route from Europe around the Cape of Good Hope to India. Born in Sinish, Portugal, died in Cochin, India. When I was young, I participated in the war between Portugal and Spain, and later served in the Portuguese court. 1On July 8th, 497, he was sent by the King of Portugal to set out from Lisbon to find a sea route to India. The ship passed the Canary Islands, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, passed through Mozambique and other places, and arrived in Kallikat in the southwest of India on May 20 1498. He left India in the autumn of the same year and returned to Lisbon on19/499. Gama visited India twice on 1502 ~ 1503 and 1524, and was appointed as the governor of India. Gamma's voyage to India promoted the development of Eurasian trade. 1869 before the opening of the Suez canal, Europe's trade with countries along the Indian Ocean and China mainly passed through this route. The navigation of this route is also the beginning of colonial activities in Asia by European countries such as Portugal.
Zheng He (Ming Hongwu 137 1 year-Xuande 1433)
137 1 year (Xinhai in the fourth year of Hongwu) Ma was born in Hedai Village, Baoxing Mountain, Kunyang Prefecture, Yunnan Province.
1382 (Ren Xu in the 15th year of Hongwu), when the Ming army invaded Yunnan, 1 1. Ma and his father Maha just died. The horse was caught in Ming camp and persecuted by castration.
1390 (twenty-third year of Hongwu) Ma 19 years old, was selected by the prince of Yan to work in the prince's house.
1404 (the second year of Yongle) Ma, aged 33, was named "Zheng" because of his outstanding military exploits. Later, he was renamed Zheng He and was promoted to be the eunuch of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
1405 July 1 1 (June 15, Yongle three years) 34-year-old Zheng He set sail from Nanjing Longjiang Port and went to sea via Taicang. Wang Jinghong led 27,800 people to the Western Ocean for the first time, and the next day, September 5th, Yongle 5th (1407 10).
140710 June 13 (Ding Hai, September 13th, Yongle Five) After returning to China at the age of 36, he immediately led his fleet to the Western Ocean for the second time with Wang Jinghong and Hou Xian, and successively arrived in Brunei, Thailand, Cambodia, India and other places.
1409 (ugly in the seventh year of Yongle) is 38 years old. In September, he went to the Western Ocean for the third time with Wang Jinghong and Fei Xin.
14 13 (11th year of Yongle) 42-year-old Ma Huan and others led the fleet to the Western Ocean for the fourth time.
14 17 (Ding You in the 15th year of Yongle) Zheng He, 46, led his fleet to the Western Ocean for the fifth time.
142 1 year (the 19th year of Yongle) 50 years old, Wang Jinghong, Ma Huan and others led the fleet to the Western Ocean for the sixth time.
143 1 year (Xinhai in the sixth year of Xuande), 60-year-old Zheng He, Wang Jinghong, Ma Huan, Fei Xin and Gong Zhen led a fleet of 27,550 people to the Western Ocean for the seventh time.
1433 (eight years of Xuande) 62-year-old Zheng He died in Guri (now Kallikat) on his way back to China. In July, the fleet returned to China, and Xuanzong was buried at the southern foot of Niushou Mountain in Nanjing.
Drake (Great English Navigator)
Adventure and sailing career
1568, Drake and his cousin John? Hawkins led five slave ship ships to Mexico. The ship was badly damaged by the storm. At first, the Spanish governor agreed to let them enter Hong Kong for repairs, but a few days later, he suddenly ordered an attack and put all the British crew to death. Only Drake and Hawkins escaped from the jaws of death and started their lives again. Drake didn't understand why Spain slaughtered innocent businessmen, and he couldn't figure out why only Spain could enjoy the wealth of the New World. From then on, he had a hatred for Spain, and he vowed to take revenge on Spain in his lifetime, thus determining the trajectory of his life.
1572, Drake called a group of people to sneak into the Atlantic Ocean by boat and hid in the isthmus of Panama. Like the explorers of that year, they crossed the American continent and saw the vast Pacific Ocean for the first time. They stayed in the jungle of South America for nearly a month, robbed the mule team carrying gold, robbed several Spanish galleons, and successfully returned to England to become heroes. The significance of this action is not only to obtain gold. (The Queen ordered the recruitment of volunteers to hijack the Spanish merchant ship, and Drake was the first person involved. )
1577, he set out from England again, took the flagship "Jin Lu" and went straight to the American coast, robbing Spanish merchant ships all the way. Spaniards never dreamed that anyone would dare to play tricks in their backyard. When they sent warships to hunt him down, Drake had already fled to the south, but because of the Spanish blockade, he could not pass through the narrow strait of magellan. In the violent storm, so did the Jin Lu. It blew 5 degrees to the south and came to a place where the Spanish had never been. Since the discovery of strait of magellan, people have always believed that Tierra del Fuego, south of the Strait, is a part of the legendary southern continent. But at this time, Drake was shocked by this unexpected discovery. He happily announced to everyone that "the legendary southern continent does not exist, and even if it does exist, it must be in a colder place in the south." (To this day, we still call it that. 1579 arrived in the Mariana Islands on July 23rd, crossed the Tropic of Cancer on August 22nd, and returned to Plymouth Port on September 26th after a long absence, becoming a "people's hero" again. This voyage is the second round-the-world voyage after Magellan, but Drake was the first captain to command the round-the-world voyage from beginning to end (as we all know, Magellan was eaten by sandwiches made by Filipino natives. Drake brought back tons of gold and silver, which enriched the Queen's purse. More importantly, Drake opened up new sea routes for Britain and greatly promoted the development of British navigation. In addition, he also discovered the wide Drake Strait. Since then, the Pacific Ocean is no longer the Spanish Sea. As an explorer, Drake's performance ends here. But as a famous naval expert in the history of naval warfare, his adventure has just begun. 1587, Queen Elizabeth of England executed the pro-Spanish Queen Mary of Scotland. Spain declared war on Britain, and the two countries with long-standing grievances finally drew swords against each other. But at that time, the British navy was still very weak, with only 34 warships, and could not fight the Spanish-Portuguese alliance at all. At the critical moment, Drake arrived with 25 pirate ships. Along the coast of Spain, Drake began a "surgical cleaning". He sank 36 Spanish supply ships outside the port of Cadiz, and then rushed into the port of Cadiz and sank 33 Spanish ships. On May 15, Drake's fleet raided the anchorage near Lisbon, and thousands of ships collided and sank in the chaos, causing incalculable losses. Then, he captured the fortress of Cape Saint Vicente and seized the throat of the Mediterranean. On his way back to China, he robbed the private treasure ship of King Philip II of Spain and took away the wealth worth 1, 654,38+0,000. Because of this series of actions, the war was delayed for at least one year, thus winning valuable time for Britain.