The Nile civilization is ancient, mysterious, magical and great.
The representative of ancient Egypt: the mummy Pharaoh of the Nile pyramid
===============
Remarkable political continuity, inherent cultural tradition and Pharaoh's strict control over the national economy are the traditional characteristics of ancient Egyptian civilization.
===============
The artistic features of ancient Egypt;
1. Ancient Kingdom Art
During this period, architecture and sculpture were the most prominent arts, and painting was still in the primary stage.
Architecture:
Pyramid-Pharaoh's mausoleum. In the early dynasty, the tombs of kings and nobles were rectangular stone buildings, and the sarcophagus was placed inside the building, which was called "Mastaba". With the expansion of the mausoleum, Mastaba on the first floor has evolved into a stepped pyramid with overlapping layers from large to small. The earliest pyramid was the stepped pyramid of Pharaoh Zuo Sai, which was built around 2770 BC. In the heyday of the ancient kingdom, a square pyramid evolved. The most famous pyramid is pyramid of khufu, with a height of146.6m and a base with four sides of 233m, facing east, west, north and south. The slope is 52 degrees, so that the ratio of the height of the tower to the perimeter of the tower bottom is equal to π. It is made of 2.3 million pieces of limestone weighing 2.5 tons, but it is very compact and has no adhesive. Inside the pyramid, there are corridors, ventilation pipes and stone chambers for storing Pharaoh's mummy. The pyramid has an amazing sense of volume and a symmetrical and stable shape, which is enough to make people standing in front of it feel small. This huge building is the materialization of the concept of "Ascension to Heaven". However, this architectural style was abandoned in the Middle Kingdom period, not only because it wasted people and money, but also because the concern for personal redemption became the main religious tendency at that time, so temples replaced pyramids as the main building objects.
The characteristics of ancient Egyptian art: stable style, distinct grades, idealized expression on the basis of realistic style, magnificent, grand and clear style. There are strict norms, such as forehead law: the head of a character is represented by the forehead, the eyes and shoulders are the forehead, and the waist is the forehead.
Sculpture:
Ancient Egyptian sculptures mainly exist as architectural appendages, and their patterns have been formed and passed down in the ancient kingdom, which are mainly manifested as: upright posture, arms close to the body, and direct face to the audience; Focus on depicting the head of the character, and other parts are rough; The facial contour is realistic and the expression is solemn; Determine the proportion according to the status of the characters; Statues are colored, and the eyes are often inlaid with crystals, timepieces and other things.
Famous works include: The Sphinx (Hafra Pyramid), one of the largest and oldest outdoor sculptures in Egypt. It is about 57 meters long and its face is 5 meters long. It is the face of the Pharaoh. Prince Lahotep and his wife (sitting portrait) use soft lines to show the personality characteristics of the prince and the dignified beauty of the princess. The statue keeps its original color, and the eyes of the characters are made of ebony. Other famous works include Menkoala and His Wife, Bookkeeper Kaye, Portrait of the Village Chief (actually a statue of Prince kapal) and so on.
Relief and painting:
Relief and painting in ancient Egypt have the same formula: forehead method (the head of a character is represented by the forehead, the eyes and shoulders are the forehead, and the waist is the forehead); Horizontal bar arrangement structure, dividing the picture with horizontal lines; Arrange the proportion and composition position according to the character's inferiority; The picture is full, leaving no blank; There is a fixed color program: male skin is brown, female skin is light brown or light yellow, hair is blue-black, and eyes are black.
Representative relief works in the ancient kingdom period include: Namir slate and hippo hunting.
Tomb murals from the ancient kingdom: the number of remains is small, and the representative work is "Flying in a Wild Goose", which is realistic, vivid and harmonious in color.
====================
A paper: on the characteristics of ancient Egyptian civilization
/lishixuezhuanye/LUN Wen _ 10450 1 . shtml