The Theory of Six Kingdoms is the fifth unit of the third volume of Chinese in senior high school, and the first volume of classical Chinese in senior high school. The new textbook attaches great importance to the reading accumulation of ancient classic poems. The ancient poetry arranged in the whole textbook accounts for about 40% of the total number of texts. The classical Chinese of senior one and senior two last semester is arranged according to the times. This unit is the prose of the Song Dynasty, which developed from the tradition of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. It has a wider theme, more diverse forms, smoother language and longer discussion, and has a far-reaching impact on the prose creation of later generations.

"Chinese Curriculum Standard for Ordinary Senior High Schools" clearly puts forward this point. Pay attention to the cultivation of Chinese application, aesthetics and inquiry ability, give full play to the educational function of Chinese courses, and comprehensively improve students' Chinese literacy and comprehensive quality? . There are three progressive requirements for reading ancient poetry in the current college entrance examination: ① understanding (ability level B): understanding the meaning of common classical Chinese words in the text; Understand the usage of function words commonly used in classical Chinese; Understand different sentence patterns and usages from modern Chinese; ② Analysis and synthesis (ability level C); Filtering and extracting important information from the text; Summarize the main points, summarize the central idea, and analyze the author's views and attitudes in the article. ③ Appreciation and evaluation (ability level E); Appreciate the image, language and expression skills of literary works, and evaluate the ideological content of literary works. In practice teaching, the cultivation of the latter two abilities is often neglected.

Analysis of learning situation

After studying classical Chinese in junior high school and senior high school, students have mastered a certain number of real words and function words in classical Chinese, and their reading ability in classical Chinese has been obviously improved. However, there is a general one-sided understanding that classical Chinese teaching is limited to the cultivation of "exam-oriented guidance" (ability level B) in the college entrance examination. Thus ignoring the promotion of (ability level C) and (ability level E). Isn't it true that students' interest in learning classical Chinese has declined? Experience the profoundness of China culture? And enough? Absorb the nutrition of excellent Chinese and foreign cultures? .

Teaching objectives

The accumulation of words in knowledge target text and the recitation of articles

Ability goal gradually cultivates students' habit and ability to analyze classical Chinese.

Emotional Goal Feel and explore the feelings of saving the world and the people and the view of the rise and fall of the world of ancient China literati.

Teaching focus

Analyze the context of the article and grasp the author's thinking.

Teaching difficulties

The change of students' habit of learning classical Chinese

Teaching method design

Guidance and inspiration

At the beginning, we should guide students to change their old habits of learning classical Chinese and make them understand? Classical Chinese? First of all? Words? Rather than simply translating and reciting. However, through reading and appreciation, we can cultivate our sentiments, deepen our feelings of loving the motherland's language, experience the profoundness of Chinese culture, pursue noble tastes and improve our moral cultivation. So as to further improve their Chinese literacy. After students change their ideas, they can be inspired to analyze the article from the perspective of an argumentative essay and give appropriate and timely suggestions on unclear issues. (You can use some multimedia AIDS appropriately)

Learning method design

Analysis, induction and association

Teaching time

3 class hours

teaching process

first kind

Teaching points:

The teacher guided the problem solving.

The teacher read the text aloud to remind the students to pay attention to the sound and meaning of the text.

Students summarize and translate the text.

Read the full text to further perceive the overall content.

Summary: What we have learned from the above is that we must first grasp the text as a whole, even if it is only a little clue, which is very necessary for understanding and memory.

Teaching process: ellipsis.

Second lesson

Teaching points:

Help students to clarify the arguments of the article, put forward the ways of arguments and demonstrate methods.

Guide students to have a deeper understanding? Six countries shattered? The root cause and the author's writing purpose

Teaching process:

New speech

Today's? 5 rumby's new speech? Whose turn is it? Ok, welcome Li Jun!

Li Jun's speech.

Very good! The applause of the students showed that Li Jun's speech was successful. In fact, whether speaking, writing an article or giving a speech, there are nothing more than three impressive things: reason, emotion and talent (writing on the blackboard). Try to convince people with reason, with emotion and with talent. As liberal arts students, I hope we can learn more and accumulate more in these areas.

Knowledge review

Let's continue today's study. The key points of learning are: borrowing the past to satirize the present; Model law; Know the author's point of view. First, let's review yesterday's key knowledge:

Su Xun (1009? 1066) Ming Yun,No. Lao Quan (? Sue, 27, started to get angry and read poetry books? ), one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, was born in Meishan (now meishan county, Sichuan) in Song Dynasty. Old Sue? , with a son? Dasu? (Su Shi)? Sue? (Su Shi) Also called? Susan? . Later generations have poems to praise:? One father and three sons, all great writers, have been handed down through the ages. Is the proportion of Emei * * * higher? .

2. Different meanings of ancient and modern times

A: Actually, it's a hundred times.

Thinking of my grandfather.

C, it can be described as intelligence.

D, and from the story of the six countries.

When two monosyllabic words in ancient Chinese are put together to form a disyllabic word in modern Chinese, we should pay attention to recognition.

(2) Analysis of the first paragraph

1. Student Feng Yuan reads the first paragraph.

2. What is the relationship between the four sentences in the first paragraph of the article?

It's a total score relationship. The first sentence, the central argument of the question. What is this kind of writing called? (come straight to the point. )

(3) Analysis of the second and third paragraphs

1. Students are free to read the second and third paragraphs, find out the relationship with the first paragraph, and think about the argumentation method.

2. What arguments does the second paragraph focus on and what argumentation methods are used?

Corresponding to the first sub-argument. Use the method of comparison. Compare what with what?

3. Besides highlighting comparative argumentation, what argumentation skills are used in this paragraph?

There are also quotes.

4. Paragraph 3:

Taken together, the analysis of the three kingdoms of Han, Wei and Chu in the previous paragraph shows that the fundamental reason for their demise is the same, that is, to subdue Qin with land. This paper analyzes that Qi, Yan and Zhao are separated, and the reasons for their demise are different on the surface but the same in essence. ? The five countries fell? And then what? Intellectual loneliness? Corresponding to the second sub-argument. What argumentation method was used?

Case argument and hypothetical argument.

Said the reason for their demise, naturally thought of their salvation. ? Is it difficult to make or measure? It shows that it is not easy to judge who wins or loses, and tells us not to judge arbitrarily, but to pay attention to discretion.

5. Summarize the argumentation method of the article (comparison, quotation, example, hypothesis).

(d) Student Feng Yuan, reading four or five paragraphs.

1. What is the structural function of the fourth paragraph? Is the fifth paragraph redundant?

The fourth paragraph summarizes the historical lessons of the demise of the six countries. The fifth paragraph makes the finishing point. It is emphasized that the Northern Song Dynasty, which dominated the whole country, is a state power and should not adopt the policy of compromise with the enemy.

2. Introduce the background of Northern Song Dynasty.

Su Xun wrote about Qin and the Six Kingdoms? Stories? Not out of concern for the ancients, but what is he worried about? Today? Great Song Dynasty. Worried that Dasong's humiliating diplomacy would lead to serious consequences. The article contains the author's feelings between the lines, not just? Whoosh 、? Sad husband? Such a strong emotional sigh, even in the narrative of the text, is full of the author's feelings, such as hatred for Qin, right? Is benevolence and righteousness unfair to Qin? Appreciate, right? Endless use of force? The feelings of regret, regret and anger of those who were robbed by the accumulated strength for the country are beyond words, which has a strong appeal and makes the article both convincing and emotional. Su Xun? Sages don't mourn their physical death, but worry about the decline of their country? .

(5) Summarize the article.

RB: The collapse of the Six Kingdoms was not bad for the soldiers, but bad for the Qin Dynasty (historic).

Love: People who fight for their country have no reason to be taken away by Wikipedia! (Realistic pertinence)

Talent: clear argument, rigorous argument, vivid language and full of momentum (literary talent)

The ancients wrote articles that not only emphasized evidence, but also attached great importance to literariness, that is, they strived for vivid language, rich feelings and abundant momentum. I ching said: rhetoric is sincere; Confucius also said: without words, it is not far away. It can be seen that the ancients paid great attention to rhetoric when writing articles. Many texts we have studied have this feature. Please give an example.

Health 1: historical records are not just? Historian's swan song? , too? Li Sao has no rhyme? . ? Li Sao has no rhyme? That is to say, it is very literary.

Health 2: The language of Qin Lun is refined, neat and magnificent.

Teacher: So, it's called? The first vigorous article in ancient and modern times? It can be seen that its literary value is high. What else is there?

Student 3: Epang Palace Fu is flowery in rhetoric, and uses imagination, metaphor, exaggeration and elaboration extensively, which is very expressive and infectious.

Teacher: Yes. So it's called? Since ancient times, this is the first one? .

Teacher: Is it valuable if we regard Shi Zhongshan, which we just learned, as a scientific investigation report?

Health: Not much. Because its conclusion has now been overturned.

Teacher: Besides, Su Shi's investigation process, in the eyes of scientists today, is also very amateur. (Laughter) But none of this has affected this article to become a masterpiece. What is its value?

Health (Qi): Literariness.

Teacher: Then what is the literariness of Six Kingdoms? Please read the second paragraph together and see how the author condensed the complex facts into vivid and short words.

Students read aloud, but they are afraid of where to start answering questions.

Teacher: Literariness can generally be seen from language, such as the author's diction, rhetoric and emotional momentum. What do you think are the highlights?

Health 1: The words in this paragraph are concise and vivid. ? Frost dew, scissors? what's up Violence? And then what? Cut? It vividly describes the hardships of our ancestors in starting a business.

Health 2:? Give it to others? what's up A compliment? The text is vivid and depicts the image of giving land to others.

Health 3: Cut five cities today, cut ten percent tomorrow, and then have a good sleep. Looking around, the pool is coming again. Very vivid. ? Today? 、? Tomorrow? Describe cutting land more and faster. ? At night? 、? Up? Describe how short the time is. Both sentences are exaggerated, once again emphasizing the disadvantages of bribing Qin.

Teacher: Just now, the students deeply analyzed the beauty of words. Is there anything else?

Health 4: I also used dual rhetorical methods, such as? The vassal's land is limited, and the desire to attack Qin is insatiable. The more complicated it is, the more urgent it is. , it reads with momentum.

Health 5: There is parallelism. ? Limited? With what? Endless? Relative,? Feng? With what? Invasion? 、? Numerous? With what? Urgent? Relative.

Health 6: Metaphor is also used well. Like throwing away dirt? , strange? Who is guilty of Qin? There is no treasure for the country. What else is there? Serving Qin with land is like carrying firewood to put out the fire, endless wages and eternal fire? , very vividly illustrates? Qin Qin? The shortcomings are great.

Teacher: Of course there are comparisons. Between the lines, it is also full of the author's thoughts and feelings: there are strong sighs, hatred for Qin, and appreciation for Qin's unkindness, right? Endless use of force? Sigh and regret the status quo, okay? Moving people with emotion? .

There is a historical fact that is very concerned; There is a phenomenon that people have different opinions. There are many representative views on the reasons why Qin destroyed the six countries. What kinds do you know besides the text?

Health 1: Su Zhe thinks? They don't know the importance of sticking to the Covenant;

2. Li Zhen thought that at that time, the other six countries, like Qin, all wanted to dominate the world, but their strength was not as good as Qin's, so they indulged in military strikes, were used to intrigue and plundered, and were defeated by loose contracts.

Health 3: Du Mu thinks it is because the rulers of the six countries don't know how to cherish the people. ? Enough to make the six countries love each other?

Teacher: Wang Anshi thinks it's because the six countries didn't reform and innovate like Qin. They all used their own understanding to explore the root causes of the demise of the six countries. So what is the author Su Xun's point of view?

Health (Qi): The collapse of the Six Kingdoms is unfavorable to Qin.

(6) Introduce students' works.

(7) Transfer

The third category

Teaching Points: A Comparative Study of Romance of Su Xun, Su Zhe and Li Zhen.

Teaching process: ellipsis.