Koch treats tuberculosis.

1905 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the great German doctor Koch. In the field of biology, many people have different opinions on the selection of tuberculosis research achievement award. 1876, Koch found the cause of anthrax; 1882, Koch discovered tuberculosis. 1884, he was diagnosed with cholera; 1896 defeated foot-and-mouth disease in South Africa; 1898 went to Italy to investigate children's malaria and so on. It can be seen that this doctor has really made outstanding achievements in treating infectious diseases. However, as a scientist, Koch's contribution lies not only in the treatment of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, but also in the establishment of modern bacteriological methods. Obviously, the method of identifying germs and the principle of determining the cause he founded are much more important than tuberculosis research. Therefore, it is undoubtedly correct to award the Koch Nobel Prize, but it is inappropriate to choose tuberculosis research as the scientific contribution to win the prize.

The "Koch Three Principles" summarized by the great Koch

Article 1: this kind of bacteria should be constantly related to the pathological symptoms of the disease;

Second, you can find this guy in the patient, pull it out, separate it, cultivate it and purify it;

Rule 3: Putting this guy on a healthy animal will also cause the same symptoms and pathological features.

Robert Koch

Robert koch, 1943, was born in Kloster, a small town in Hanover. His father is a coal mine clerk. At the age of five, he told his parents that he could learn to read by newspaper, which showed his extraordinary wisdom and perseverance. In high school, he showed great interest in microbiology. 1862 was admitted to the Medical College of University of G? ttingen. He studied botany, physics and mathematics in the first two semesters, then transferred to medicine, and graduated from 1866 under the guidance of anatomist Henle (j). Then he became a military doctor and became a doctor in a small town in East Prussia after the Franco-Prussian War.

1872, he was recommended to work in the local health authorities in Vosch, Posen (now Poland). While finishing his work, he began his amateur bacteriology research. At that time, it happened that bovine anthrax was prevalent in Worsch, so he made a careful study of the disease. He found the bacteria that caused anthrax in the spleen of cattle, transplanted the bacteria into mice, and infected the mice with anthrax. Finally, he got the same bacteria from mice. This is the first time that human beings have scientifically proved that specific microorganisms are the pathogens of specific diseases. Moreover, he successfully cultured bacteria in vitro with serum at the same temperature as cattle. Then he studied the life history of Bacillus anthracis and found the Bacillus-Bacillus cycle. From 65438 to 0876, he published his research results in the journal Plant Biology, which caused great repercussions in the medical field.

Because of this great contribution, Koch was hired as a staff member of the Royal Health Bureau in Berlin, Germany on 1880, and got a good laboratory and excellent assistant. 188 1 year, he invented the "pure culture method of bacteria" using solid culture medium and began to study tuberculosis. He studied the lungs of people who died of tuberculosis, but found no tuberculosis. But after grinding his lungs and rubbing them on mice and rabbits, he infected them with tuberculosis. Repeated experiments made him realize that tuberculosis is probably transparent and must be stained to be observed. So he experimented with various pigments and constantly changed the dyeing method. Finally, he found blue-stained Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sample 27 1. He also cultivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis in serum medium and obtained the artificially cultivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine. He injected the suspension of mycobacterium tuberculosis into the abdominal cavity of guinea pigs, so guinea pigs were infected with tuberculosis, which scientifically proved that mycobacterium tuberculosis was the pathogen of tuberculosis. 1882 On March 24th, he read a paper about his discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the Physiology Society in Berlin, Germany, and published it in Berlin Medical Weekly on April 30th of the same year, which caused a sensation in the medical field again. After discovering Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Koch further clarified that the transmission route of tuberculosis is air and contact. Koch put forward: "In order to conquer tuberculosis, we must first try our best to block the source of infectious bacteria. One of these sources, and the most important one, is the sputum of tuberculosis patients. "

1883, Koch went to Egypt and India as a member of the German Cholera Investigation Committee, where he not only found the pathogen of cholera-Vibrio cholerae, but also successfully found the way of cross-infection of Vibrio cholerae-through the spread of water, food, clothing and other materials, and found a way to control it.

65438-0885 Professor of Hygiene and Bacteriology, Director of Institute of Health, University of Berlin. From 65438 to 0886, Koch and Frug. C co-founded the Journal of Hygiene, which is still authoritative. 1890, he developed tuberculin and applied it to the diagnosis of tuberculosis. In order to investigate and study infectious diseases, Koch went abroad ten times and went to Africa, India and the Far East. He led a group of students to study tropical diseases such as malaria, plague, typhoid fever, rinderpest, relapsing fever and lethargy in the Institute of Hygiene and the Institute of Infectious Diseases, and made many new and important discoveries, and trained outstanding scientists such as Belin, ehrlich and Kitasato Shibasaburo. 189 1 year as the director of the institute of infectious diseases. 1897 was elected as a member of the Royal Society. 1902 was elected as a foreign academician of French Academy of Sciences. From 65438 to 0905, Koch won the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, mainly in recognition of his contribution to tuberculosis research.

Koch summed up the famous "Koch principle" according to his own experience in isolating pathogenic bacteria. Under the guidance of this principle, the 1970s and 1920s of 19 became the golden age for the discovery of pathogenic bacteria. For example, 1883 and 1884, two scientists independently discovered diphtheria, typhoid 1884, Yersinia pestis 1894 and Shigella dysenteriae 1897. During this period, more than 100 kinds of pathogenic microorganisms have been found, including bacteria, protozoa and actinomycetes. Not only animal pathogens, but also plant pathogens.

In addition to the basic work in pathogen identification, Koch's microbiology method has been used to this day, laying a solid foundation for microbiology as an important independent branch of life science. The photos left by Koch's first photomicrography are also high-level today. These techniques include separation and pure culture, culture medium, hanging drop specimen examination and tissue section staining.

In his later years, Koch came to the conclusion that the mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes human tuberculosis is not exactly the same as bovine tuberculosis. Although this view caused great controversy at that time, it has been completely proved correct today. 1910 On May 27th, 67-year-old Koch sat in an armchair in Baden, Germany, and fell asleep peacefully. His ashes were buried in the Institute of Infectious Diseases in Berlin, and a poem was engraved on the monument: From this microscopic world, this superstar emerged; You conquered the whole world, and everyone thanked you; Present a wreath that will never fade and will be remembered for generations to come.

Koch's major works in his life include Etiology of Anthrax, On the Development History of Bacillus anthracis (1876), Etiology of Traumatic Infection (1878) and On Tuberculosis (1882). Anti-tuberculosis drugs (189 1), anti-typhoid drugs (1902), etc.

1On March 24th, 982, on the occasion of commemorating the centenary of Koch's discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the World Health Organization and the International Tuberculosis Prevention Federation jointly proposed that March 24th of each year be designated as "World Tuberculosis Day" to commemorate Koch and remind the public of the importance of tuberculosis prevention and treatment. On this day, many countries, including China, issued stamps commemorating the centenary of Koch's discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The attached picture shows Koch's centennial commemorative sheetlet on the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (left). Postage pictures show Koch's head and his signature. The border paper was designed with Koch's report on the discovery of tuberculosis published in April 1882 Berlin Medical Weekly. The picture on the right shows a commemorative stamp issued by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of China to commemorate the centenary of his discovery of tuberculosis pathogens.