1. Closed: In the late Qing Dynasty and some periods in the history of China, China was closed, exclusive and conservative, which hindered the spread and absorption of foreign knowledge, technology and ideas. This led China to miss the early opportunity of industrial revolution and modernization.
2. Internal and external turbulence: Modern China faced many internal and external turbulence situations, including war, turbulence and social unrest. These events have seriously interfered with the development of economy, education and science and technology.
3. Social structure and system: The existence of traditional feudal social structure and system in China hindered innovation and social change. The lack of modern scientific theory, commercial operation and legal system has limited China's progress.
4. Foreign aggression: Since the 9th century, China has been constantly invaded by foreign powers and oppressed by unequal treaties, resulting in the loss of territory, resources and national independence. This has further weakened the social, economic and technological foundation of China.
5. Education and science and technology lag behind: For a long time, China's education system and science and technology development have been in a relatively backward process, and the lack of education and science and technology has affected China's innovation ability and competitiveness.
It should be noted that the backwardness of modern China is a complex and multi-level problem, which has various controversies and explanations. The factors mentioned here are only part of them, and the related issues involve many aspects such as history, economy and culture.