1. Mastering systematic philosophical knowledge is the basis of cultivating college students' philosophical spirit.
Learning is not equal to wisdom, but a wise person must be a learned person. Wisdom will never be produced in a "whiteboard" mind. Wisdom should be accessible, and philosophy, as a study of wisdom, should draw nutrients from the "Other". Aristotle became the founder of human philosophy, social science and natural science precisely because he was an "encyclopedic figure". Plato, the "teacher of mankind", believes that the way to train philosophers is to train in music and sports first, and then study dialectics after studying mathematics, geometry, astronomy and other disciplines, thus laying the foundation for learning philosophy and discovering truth; The philosopher Descartes is the inventor of analytic geometry; Philosopher Leibniz is the founder of calculus; Kant not only wrote the philosophical masterpiece of "Three Criticism", but also put forward the natural science hypothesis of "tidal friction" and "primitive nebula" in the "pre-criticism period", which opened the first gap in the traditional metaphysical view of nature. To cultivate college students' philosophical spirit, it is necessary to set foot in all fields of human knowledge, especially to be familiar with the history and achievements of thinking. Engels pointed out, "No matter what attitude natural scientists take, they will still be dominated by philosophy. The only question is whether they are willing to be dominated by some bad fashionable philosophy or by a theoretical thinking based on their understanding of history and thinking results. " Because I don't understand the history of philosophy, "some propositions that have been put forward in philosophy hundreds of years ago and are often abandoned in philosophy often appear with brand-new knowledge among theoretical researchers, and even become fashionable for a while." On the contrary, "if theoretical natural scientists are willing to study dialectical philosophy carefully from the form of historical existence", the process of cultivating philosophical spirit "can be greatly shortened." In response to the "bad fashionable philosophy", Engels pointed out: "The official Hegelians only learned the simplest skills from the teacher's dialectics and applied them everywhere, and they were often ridiculously clumsy. For them, Hegel's whole legacy is just a rigid formula that can be used on any topic, but a lexical quotation that can be used to prevaricate in time when there is a lack of thought and experience. " Engels said: "Hegel's way of thinking is different from all other philosophers, that is, his way of thinking is based on a great sense of history." "Besides, Hegel is different from his disciples. He is not as proud of ignorance as they are, but one of the most learned figures in history. " Hegel linked his development of concepts and categories with the whole history of philosophy, and Hegel's philosophy is a summary of the history of thought. Marxist philosophy "adds all the ideological contents of the development of philosophy and natural sciences in the past two thousand years, as well as all the ideological contents of history itself in the past two thousand years, to the permanent foundation of old materialism." Therefore, it becomes a kind of "theoretical thinking based on understanding the history and achievements of thinking". Lenin said, "Without learning and understanding all the logic of Hegel, we can't fully understand Marx's Capital." "To inherit the cause of Hegel and Marx, we must dialectically discuss the history of human thought and the history of science and technology." "This is the field of knowledge that epistemology and dialectics should form." "It is necessary to look at the history of thought from the point of view of the development and application of the general concepts and categories of logic." Hegel's logic contains "the bud of historical materialism". Philosophy is the history of philosophy and the history of philosophy is philosophy. In short, only by "understanding the history and achievements of thinking" can we effectively reflect on "the unconscious unconditional premise of theoretical thinking"; Only in this way can we effectively reveal and overcome the inherent contradictions and dilemmas of theoretical thinking premise; Only in this way can we truly discover the logic and laws of human theoretical thinking; Only by grasping the root of things can we grasp the major issues of the times; Only in this way can we master the conceptual framework, principles, ways of thinking, values and research methods of explaining the world. Only in this way can we overcome the thinking lessons of our predecessors, take history as a mirror and take fewer detours on the road of "thinking"; Only in this way can we obtain the basis, standard and scale for judging truth, goodness and beauty, and enhance the realm of life. The combination of history and theory is the "proper meaning" of philosophy education, and theory comes from history. "For anyone who is eager to understand human civilization and culture, studying the history of philosophy may be the most attractive thing. Because all the elements that establish the humanity of a certain era and a certain national culture are reflected in the philosophy of that era or that nation in one way or another. " The shortcut to "understanding the history and achievements of thinking" is to read the classic original works. Classics are classics because they have been filtered by time and become things with eternal value. Classics are not only the spiritual wealth left by predecessors, but also the texts that people creatively interpret. Be close to philosophers and study the original classics; The entry must be correct and the method must be high. Leibniz said that it is easier to follow the clues of a good author than to start over completely independently. Schopenhauer said that people can only accept philosophical thoughts from those who initiated them. Therefore, anyone who yearns for philosophy must personally go to the solemn holy land of the original work to find this immortal master.
Secondly, improving the philosophical ability is the key to cultivate the philosophical spirit of college students.
Judging from the process of human knowledge, human knowledge is a cyclic process from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge and then to practice, which has roughly experienced the stage of "experience common sense-technology-scientific knowledge-philosophy". In this sense, Aristotle called philosophy "first-rate wisdom", Marx praised philosophy as "the essence of the spirit of the times", Einstein praised philosophy as "the mother of all scientific research" and so on. Engels said: "If a nation wants to stand at the highest peak of science, it can't be without theoretical thinking for a moment." The theoretical thinking ability here is the philosophical ability. Improving philosophical ability is not only of far-reaching significance for a nation to climb the scientific peak, improve ideological and cultural creativity and build a spiritual home, but also plays a very important role in improving college students' theoretical thinking ability, cultivating philosophical spirit and improving comprehensive quality. Einstein said: "Only the boldest speculation can bridge the gap between empirical materials." Physicist Born said: "Every modern scientist, especially every theoretical physicist, is deeply aware that his work and philosophical thinking are intricately intertwined. Without enough knowledge of philosophical literature, his work is invalid. " Cultivating college students' philosophical spirit and improving their theoretical thinking ability are the key points. "But theoretical thinking is just a natural ability that must be cultivated and exercised." Philosopher He Lin said: "Philosophy focuses on the process of research, doubt, discussion, debate and exploration in ideological training and rational activities, but not necessarily on the fundamental solution of problems and the results obtained." Cultivating and improving college students' philosophical ability should include: the philosophical ability to ask "questions", asking questions from the root of things, not only asking "why" but also asking "why". "Ask extraordinary questions about extraordinary things." Keep the true color of life, the depth of spirit and the solemnity of thought through questioning; The philosophical ability of "doubt", Hegel said: "Skepticism is the dialectics of all certain things." Doubt is not only a sober agent of dogmatism, but also a catalyst for ideological innovation; The philosophical ability of "foresight", philosophy should be an owl that takes off at dusk and a rooster that crows before dawn. Without the predictive ability of theoretical thinking, it will become a "prisoner" of the times; The philosophical ability of "reflection", if science is to form ideas, then philosophy is to reflect on scientific ideas, and philosophical "reflection" is to rethink ideas or re-recognize knowledge, and lay a solid foundation for science through philosophical reflection; The philosophical ability of "criticism" is the inherent essence of philosophy. Husserl believes that philosophy begins with cognitive criticism, and everything is rooted in it. Philosophy has changed the way of thinking and life of human beings by criticizing the "premise of course" and promoted the civilization and progress of human society. The philosophical ability of "insight" is both the starting point and the end point of philosophy. Through philosophy education, we should focus on cultivating college students' problem consciousness and their ability to see through problems, so that they can pay attention to both "problems in philosophy" and "philosophy in problems". The philosophical ability of "innovation" is the essence of philosophy. Without "innovation", there is no philosophy. Just as there are no two identical leaves on the earth, there are no two identical philosophical concepts, methods and systems in the world. In the era of knowledge economy with knowledge innovation as the core, it is the sacred mission of philosophy education to cultivate college students' innovative thinking ability.
Thirdly, enhancing the philosophical realm is the core of cultivating college students' philosophical spirit.
The philosophical realm emphasized by China's traditional philosophy is the spiritual realm of human beings. Feng Youlan said: "To use an old saying of China, philosophy can give people a place to live. In other words, philosophy can give people a spiritual realm, in which people can live with peace of mind, and life can be a step-by-step peace or a hail of bullets. No matter under the gentle breeze and drizzle, or in the stormy waves, he can live quietly. This is his "place to live". This' land' is the spiritual realm of people. " ? Feng Youlan said: "China's Confucianism does not pay attention to seeking knowledge for knowledge, but mainly seeks an ideal life." He believes: "The purpose of learning philosophy is to make people become people, not some kind of people. Other learning (not philosophy) is to make people become certain people, that is, people engaged in certain occupations. " Being a man is different from being a person's spiritual realm. Philosophy enables people to gain the true meaning and value of life and reach a perfect spiritual realm. Philosophy lies not in increasing knowledge, but in improving people's spiritual realm. Liang Qichao also said: "The starting point of China's philosophy is to study people, and the most important thing is the way to be a man: how to be a man?" Socrates said that life without deliberation is not worth living. Philosophy is to guide people how to live a meaningful life and help them enter a clear realm of life. Aristotle also said that philosophy is not for some practical purpose. Marx and Engels pointed out that philosophy does not give people some specific knowledge, but provides people with a world outlook and methodology. In the sense that philosophy does not teach people to master certain skills, "philosophy is a kind of useless knowledge", but everyone needs philosophy, because it is "useless and useful" to help people solve the most fundamental problems in life, find a place to live and improve their spiritual realm. Heidegger said, "This useless thing has real power. This kind of thing that does not recognize the direct response in daily life can produce the most internal * * * vibration with the true course of the nation. It may even be the vortex of this * * * vibration. " "Correctly understanding the relationship between philosophy and science is the best way to gain insight into the essence of philosophy." Science endows people with certain knowledge or skills and cultivates them into "certain people", as Marcuse said, "one-dimensional people"; Philosophy, on the other hand, pays attention to people's fate and examines the meaning of life from the perspectives of world outlook, outlook on life and values. Through the enlightenment, training, edification and nourishment of philosophy, people are not cultivated into "some kind of people", but into what Marx called "people in a complete sense" and "people with free and all-round development".
Man is an extremely complicated social animal, and his needs are various, but his spiritual needs are the highest. Plato once divided people's happiness into three levels: loving wealth is a low-level happiness; Love honor belongs to intermediate happiness; Love wisdom, this is advanced happiness. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, human needs from low to high are physiological needs or survival needs, security needs, belonging needs or love needs, respect needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs and self-realization needs. Feng Youlan pointed out in the "Four Realms Theory" of life: "People with natural and utilitarian realms are people now; People with moral realm and heaven and earth realm are what people should be. The first two are natural products, while the latter two are spiritual creation. Natural realm is the lowest, followed by utilitarian realm, then moral realm, and finally the realm of heaven and earth. They are so, because of the natural state, they hardly need consciousness; The utilitarian realm and moral realm need more understanding; The realm of heaven and earth needs awareness most. The moral realm has moral value, and the realm of heaven and earth has super moral value. " In his view, the function of philosophy is to make people transcend "natural realm", "utilitarian realm" and "moral realm" and reach "heaven and earth realm". Philosophy is to raise the realm of the soul to the realm beyond this world and gain value higher than moral value. Kant said that there are two things he admires, one is the starry sky above his head, and the other is the morality in his heart. In Kant's view, practical rational criticism is higher than pure rational criticism, and morality is higher than knowledge. Moral law comes from reason itself, rational will obeys moral law, and moral law obeys itself. Any real compulsion is self-compulsion. Morality is the highest goal of mankind. Morality must be self-discipline, not heteronomy. A person should be a moral person, and a moral person should be respected. If Bacon shouted the slogan "knowledge is power", then Kant warned the world that "morality is power". Hegel said, "People should respect themselves and think that they deserve the noblest things." Novalis, a German poet, said that philosophy is "looking for homes everywhere with the urge to think of home". Fang Dongmei once said, "Philosophy can't bake bread, but it can make bread sweet". Philosophy education is to promote the moral realm of college students, let them pursue the noblest things, find a place to live, cultivate them into "people", "noble people" and "pure people" that are meaningful to society, and give full play to the function of "useless use" of philosophy. As the "essence of the spirit of the times", philosophy is not only the meaning of personal life world, but also the living soul of a nation. The level of a person's spiritual taste can show the level of his philosophical realm; The quality of a nation's civilization often reflects the level of its philosophical realm. Russell said: "To understand a nation, we must understand its philosophy." In Hegel's eyes, "a cultured nation" has no philosophy, and "is like a temple, richly decorated in other aspects, but without a holy God." Philosophy is the root and soul of national culture.
To sum up, through philosophy education, we can stimulate college students' interest in learning philosophy, ignite their passion for wisdom, help them master philosophical knowledge systematically, improve their philosophical ability, enhance their philosophical realm, cultivate their philosophical spirit, and train them into what Marx called "free and all-round development people."