The reform of government administrative institutions proposed by the two sessions has become a hot topic of discussion. The author believes that the following concepts need to be clarified to promote government transformation at present. One way of thinking: The basic trend of government transformation is that the public service function will continue to develop and become the core function. Generally speaking, all countries in the world have experienced the process of government transformation. In market economy countries, the scope of early government functions is very limited, and it is basically positioned as a "night watchman". The "invisible hand" of the market mechanism undertakes the function of mediating the relationship between social and economic supply and demand. With the frequent outbreak of capitalist economic crisis from 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, the problem of "market failure" has been widely concerned, and the governments of these countries have gradually expanded their functions of macro-control, mediating income distribution, maintaining fair competition and solving information asymmetry. /kloc-after the mid-1960s, the problem of economic stagflation became prominent, and the problem of "government failure" caused by large-scale government intervention in the economy of market economy countries became a new focus, which triggered a wave of privatization of state-owned economy and broke through some fields that were traditionally considered as natural monopolies, such as electric power and telecommunications industries. At this point, the focus of government functions in these countries has shifted to the field of public services and tends to be stable, which is reflected in the structure of public expenditure. Transfer expenditure and other welfare expenditures related to social security, medical care and education have become the main parts. From the brief description of government transformation in market economy countries, we can see that the basic trend of government transformation is that public service functions continue to develop and become core functions. The core of government transformation is how to deal with the relationship between the government and the market, so that the government and the market can effectively overcome their respective shortcomings, give play to their functions that cannot or cannot be replaced by each other, and realize the benign interaction between the government and the market. This is the basic premise and institutional basis for the formation of modern public service system. Compared with the process of government transformation in market economy countries, although the government transformation in planned economy countries shows * * * in adjusting the relationship between government and market, the starting point and trend of the transformation show different trajectories. Because the government completely controls the economic operation under the planned economy system, the primary problem faced by the government transformation is "government failure" rather than "market failure". The transformation of government in market economy countries is from never interfering with market operation to adjusting the relationship between government and market by expanding public services; The transformation of government in planned economy countries is to reduce the scope of government intervention in the economy, cultivate and develop the market, and at the same time, to mainly provide public services. In this way, in the process of government transformation, there are often different situations of "overcorrection". Market economy countries are more likely to have the problem of "excessive government intervention", while planned economy countries may have the problem of "market distortion". As far as China's situation is concerned, after 30 years of reform and opening up, although the market economic system has initially taken shape, the phenomenon of "offside", "absence" and "dislocation" of government functions still exists in the relationship between the government and the market. Judging from the structure of government public expenditure, economic construction still occupies a dominant position and becomes an important factor restricting the supply of public services. From the perspective of economic operation, the widespread existence of administrative monopoly not only leads to unfair competition, but also inhibits market vitality and increases the service cost of the public. From the institutional point of view, the government still plays a variety of roles in many fields, such as decision makers, producers, supervisors and so on. The integration of referees and athletes restricts the process of transforming government functions into public services. Idea 2: We must take safeguarding fairness and justice as the basic value orientation. Fairness and justice are the basic value orientation of human social progress and an important embodiment of adhering to the "people-oriented" development concept. Therefore, in the process of building a public service system and a harmonious society, the basic value orientation of government transformation must be to maintain fairness and justice. It should be pointed out that in the process of market economy in China, "giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness" was once put forward as the basic principle of distribution system reform, and it has been questioned a lot in recent years. This should be analyzed in detail. First, it should be considered that the initial background of the reform is that egalitarianism in the distribution field stifles social vitality, and egalitarianism only emphasizes the equality of results and denies the contributions of different individuals and groups, which is actually unfair. Second, the direction of efficiency and fairness proposed at that time was different, and efficiency was related to the market resource allocation mechanism. Choosing the market also chooses efficiency; The main purpose of "giving consideration to fairness" is to avoid the gap in distribution results caused by market efficiency, and its connotation is very different from what we generally say today. Third, at that time, the reform was mainly in the economic field, and the government transformation was mainly in the microscopic "invigorating" economy. Social equity issues such as excessive distribution gap have not yet fully emerged. Therefore, the problems we are facing today are not necessarily related to the original reform principles. However, due to the relatively lagging government transformation and the distorted or one-sided understanding of the reform principles in practice, people have great differences on the issues of fairness and efficiency. According to the deepening of the reform process and the improvement of social consciousness, it should be said that the issue of fairness and efficiency in social development is not an either-or choice, but the focus of choice only appears with the change of the main contradiction, and ultimately it is to achieve the balance between the two, thus promoting social progress and harmony. The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that "correctly handle the relationship between efficiency and fairness in the initial distribution and redistribution, and pay more attention to fairness in redistribution", which reflected the deepening of the party's understanding of the relationship between fairness and efficiency. What needs to be clear is that the functions of the government and the market are different. Market operation must be efficiency-oriented, which is the essential attribute of market mechanism; Market operation also needs fairness (fairness of competition rules and order), but the market itself cannot fully provide this fairness. Although the government plays an important role in promoting social and economic efficiency, this role is mainly achieved indirectly through the improvement of the market environment, rather than the government's direct pursuit of micro-efficiency. The government must insist on maintaining social fairness and justice in its value orientation, which is the essential attribute of the government as the trustee of public power. The great achievements in the past 30 years of reform and opening up are not because the government adheres to the principle of "efficiency", but because the government gave up the direct pursuit of efficiency, handed over the efficiency mechanism to the market, and gradually shifted its focus to improving the market environment and promoting fair competition. In this sense, it can be said that the market provides efficiency and the government maintains fairness and justice, which should be the basic value orientation of China's market deepening reform and government transformation. Idea 3: The basic idea of transforming the traditional planned economy from an economic construction-oriented government to a public service-oriented and social management-oriented government is to equate public interest, public ownership and public management, and the government, as the representative of public interest, is the only subject to control the economy and society; At the same time, due to the denial of the market, the market does not consider the interests of the public. Although China has basically formed a market economy system, the inertia of the traditional system and its concepts still exists, which restricts the scientific orientation of government functions to some extent. Under the condition of modern market economy, public interest is the common demand of the government, the public and the market, and it is also maintained by various subjects through division of labor and cooperation. Public ownership of property is no longer the only choice to realize public interests, and non-public property rights can also realize public interests under the basic system norms; Public management has a wide range of sociality in scope and participants. In this sense, government transformation should not only handle the relationship between government and market, but also handle the relationship between government and society, public property rights and non-public property rights. This inevitably requires us to attach great importance to the scientific orientation of government functions.
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In the past five years, the national highway construction investment was1234.3 billion yuan, which was10/.7 times of the total national highway construction investment from 1950 to 1997. The highway mileage increased from1230,000 km in 1997 to1760,000 km in 2002, among which the expressway increased from 477 1 km to 25,200 km, jumping from the 39th place to the 2nd place in the world. The mileage of railway operation increased from 65,969 kilometers to 7.150,000 kilometers; Within five years, 5,944 kilometers of new lines, 4,603 kilometers of double-track lines and 5,704 kilometers of electrified lines will be built. 50 airports have been built, rebuilt and expanded. The port's 10,000-ton wharf berth has increased throughput capacity 1.44 billion tons. The unprecedented development of transportation construction and the initial formation of a modern comprehensive transportation system are excerpted from the government work report made by Premier Zhu Rongji at the First Session of the Tenth National People's Congress.
Electronic stop signs, GPS devices on taxis and ic card swiping machines make our travel more convenient. Chang 'an Avenue, which runs through the east and west, is the symbol of Beijing, the capital, and also the traffic artery for Beijing citizens to travel daily. You can easily find that the informatization project of Beijing's urban transportation system has been moving forward in recent years. Nowadays, passengers who take the 1 bus along Chang 'an Avenue in Beijing no longer have to worry about waiting for the bus, because you can see the running position of the 1 bus in real time on the newly installed electronic stop sign. On June 5, 2002, the first electronic license plate in Beijing appeared at Ritan Road Station of 1 bus. Through the electronic stop sign, passengers can know the running position of the 1 bus at any time, which really makes the waiting people "know what they are doing".
The new electronic bus stop sign is an important part of Beijing bus intelligent dispatching command system. In order to realize information transmission and intercommunication, Beijing 1 buses are all equipped with GPS system, and the command center collates and edits the received vehicle data, and then transmits it to the electronic stop board through the FM broadcast transmitter of CCTV transmission tower. At present, this advanced bus information service system is still in the experimental operation stage, and the vehicle location information provided is for reference only, but it will be put into use formally soon and its scope will be expanded.
In addition to the new electronic stop signs, GPS devices in taxis, ic card readers in buses, and electronic display signs in parking lots all provide convenience for people to travel unconsciously. The development of science and technology is accelerating urban traffic. At present, these resources are only scattered, and the next goal of urban traffic digitalization is to integrate these resources.
Once upon a time, Spring Festival travel rush was a unique landscape of China's economic development and backward traffic. Now, the rapid growth of transportation capacity of roads, railways and civil aviation has enabled hundreds of millions of people to go out and come back. The road network has taken us around the world for five years, and airports of all sizes have mushroomed, and the modernization level of airport facilities has been significantly improved. Let's take a look at the terminal of the airport. A few years ago, the building area of the passenger terminal of China's civil airports was small, which brought a lot of inconvenience to passengers. Now, the terminal has not only increased its area, but also significantly improved its technical content. The design concept of the airport terminal is gradually diversified, and the front row, corridor and other comprehensive ways are combined to complement each other.
The terminals of Beijing Capital Airport, Shanghai Pudong Airport, Hangzhou Xiaoshan Airport and other airports all adopt long-span steel roof truss structure, prestressed concrete and high-strength concrete, which have their own characteristics, greatly increasing the column spacing in the building, with open space, smooth process and distinctive characteristics of the times.
The wide application of computer information technology provides a strong guarantee for airport modernization. The extensive application of electronic departure system has ended decades of manual check-in procedures, greatly reducing the labor intensity of staff, reducing the service error rate and improving the service quality. The boarding pass is scanned by bar code reader at the boarding gate, which automatically records the number of passengers and optimizes the passenger boarding process. The departure system has the function of computer automatic distribution of aircraft load balance, which ensures the reliability of load data and is of great significance to flight safety.
The electronic departure system provides strong support for multi-counter check-in, baggage-free check-in procedures and various passenger services. With the update of technology and the improvement of related supporting facilities, departure system has the potential to extend services and become a reliable data source for airport management.
With the rapid development of civil aviation traffic, more and more people choose to travel by air. Before the Spring Festival this year, Xiao Zhao, who was studying in Beijing, was very excited because she could fly home for the New Year, and the journey of thousands of kilometers only took two hours. The number of people like Xiao Zhao who choose to fly home during the Spring Festival is increasing year by year.
Once upon a time, Spring Festival travel rush Peak, a unique landscape formed by the combination of China's economic development and traffic lag, brought many people painful memories.
Nowadays, the rapid growth of transportation capacity has brought hundreds of millions of people an easily realized wish-to go home for the New Year and travel abroad.
In this five-year cross-century, the railway construction in China has continuously launched new actions, and its elegance and charm are increasingly evident. The land-sea passage connecting Northeast China and East China, the Luozhan passage running through North China, Central China and South China, the new east-west passage from Xi 'an to Nanjing, and the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway with investment second only to the Three Gorges Project have been completed and opened to traffic one after another. The annual passenger traffic of railway is about 65.438+0 billion, which is 654.38+0 times of 654.38+0.949. The labels of "it is difficult to buy tickets" and "it is difficult to ride" have been thrown away.
65438+February, 2000 18 can be said to be a good day, and the Beijing-Shanghai expressway with a total length of 1262 km runs through the whole line. This is a golden route that takes 13 years and costs 39.3 billion yuan. It not only connects Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Shanghai, but also forms a convenient and fast highway transportation corridor between North China and East China. It is also connected with Beijing-Shenyang Expressway, Shenyang-Changji Expressway and Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway, integrating Beijing-Tianjin region, Bohai Bay region and Yangtze River Delta region, and becoming the most powerful economic "booster" in the eastern developed regions.
In the past five years, the achievements of expressway construction have attracted special attention, and the expressway network between provincial capital cities and prefecture-level cities in the eastern region has been basically completed. Nowadays, a series of high-speed lines radiate from central cities, closely woven into a metropolitan area, and blossom everywhere in China. It is reported that by the end of 200 1, the total mileage of expressways in China has reached 19453 km (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), ranking second in the world.
Among them, the expressway mileage in Shandong Province is 2077 kilometers, that in Hebei Province is 1565 kilometers, and that in Guangdong Province is 1500 kilometers. In June 2002, the expressway broke through 20,000 kilometers.
By 2005, the total mileage of national highways will increase by 200,000 kilometers. By 20 10, 12 national and provincial trunk lines, with a total length of about 35,000 kilometers, will be fully built.
After four speed increases, the railway will speed up again this year and in 2005 to build "three centers" and "three speed increase circles". The "three centers", namely Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, have built a rapid passenger transport network connecting major cities, with a total mileage of 1.4 million ~ 1.6 million kilometers; The "three speed-up circles" are centered on the central city and the cities with a radius of about 500 kilometers. The cities with a radius of 1.200 ~ 1.500 kilometers are "arrived in the evening" and the cities with a radius of 2000 ~ 2500 kilometers are "arrived in one day".
Expressway networking, railway speed-up and transportation technology let us experience the "pleasure" of the times. On September 15, 2000, three important sections of Beijing-Shenyang Expressway were opened to traffic. Previously, the fastest train from Beijing to Shenyang took 9 hours, 102 national highway drove by car, and 6 hours after the opening of Beijing-Shenyang Expressway. Beijing-Shenyang Expressway has become the most convenient passage between North China and Northeast China. Mr. Zhao, who used to be a pilot of the navy and air force, now chooses to take the "Tiger Leap" high-speed direct bus every time he travels to and from Shenyang and Beijing. He said: "I like the feeling of flying fast, as if I were still flying in a fighter plane in the blue sky." "Thousands of miles away, Jiangling will return in one day." Now from any node of the railway, within 1500 kilometers, you can arrive at night, which is more than 1000 miles a day!
In the past, "the world of mortals rode a princess, and no one knew it was litchi." Now the litchi in Lingnan has been put on the shelves of Xi 'an supermarket in less than six hours and entered the homes of ordinary people. Once "it was harder to travel like this than to climb the blue sky", now I take a 500-ton ferry back to Jiang, enter Sichuan, and go straight to Jincheng along the expressway. Shu Road has become a broad road.
When the expressways such as Shenyang-Dalian, Jiqing, Shanghai-Nanjing, Chengdu-Chongqing, Beijing-Shijiazhuang and Beijing-Tianjin-Tanggu extend rapidly, railway construction has long been unable to resist the pace of the times.
1995 10, the railway science and technology conference was held in Beijing. The Party Group of the Ministry of Railways made a decisive decision, put forward ten modernization goals of scientific and technological development, and gradually realized the overloading of bulk cargo transportation, rapid passenger transportation, modernization of safety technology and equipment, electrification of traction power, internal combustion, specialization of large-scale vehicles, modernization of operation management, automation and semi-automatic control of major transportation processes, overloading of railway structures and modernization of road maintenance. The speed increase of China Railway has started.
1 April, 9971day, the Beijing-Shanghai line, Beijing-Guangzhou line and Beijing-Harbin line implemented the national railway speed increase for the first time. This time, 8 pairs of express passenger trains will be operated at a speed of 120- 160 km/h. There are 78 trains arriving at night. The freight train has a top speed of 80 kilometers per hour; There are 64 pairs of heavy-haul trains on the Beijing-Shanghai line and the Beijing-Guangzhou line, and for the first time, a "five-fixed" (fixed-point, fixed-line, fixed-time, ordered) freight train with 5 15 trips per month is operated.
1 99865438+1October1,the second speed increase extended the speed-up section of Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Shanghai and Beijing-Harbin trunk lines. On June 2000, 65438+1October 2 1, the third large-scale speed increase, focusing on the western region, improved the transportation capacity of Longhai, Lan Xin, Beijing-Kowloon, Zhejiang-Jiangxi and other trunk lines. 200 1 10 2 1 officially implemented the fourth railway speed increase.
In the days of speed-up research, it is our railway workers who have carried out the largest-scale renovation of railway lines, bridges, locomotives, vehicles, communications, signals, safety equipment and other driving equipment and facilities in history. For the first time, speed-up tests were carried out on Shanghai-Nanjing Railway, Beijing-Qinhuangdao Railway, Shenjin Railway and Shenyang-Dalian Railway. Hundreds of scientific and technical personnel participated in the tests, and more than 654.38 billion key technical data were obtained, which provided a scientific basis for ensuring the success of railway speed-up in China.
China has successively developed "Dongfeng 1 1", "Shaoshan No.8" and "Dongfeng 4D" express passenger locomotives, "New Dawn" diesel emu, quasi-high-speed double-deck diesel emu, "Blue Arrow" AC drive emu, "Spring City" emu, "Central Plains Star" electric emu and "Pioneer" These veritable "Zhonghua brand" locomotives and rolling stock with independent intellectual property rights in China have approached and reached the international level of similar products in key technology, manufacturing technology and overall technical level. With the continuous adoption of new technologies, new materials and new processes and the continuous development of new equipment, China's railway equipment has stepped onto a new level and become the power source of high-speed trains in China.
Scientific and technological progress has greatly improved the level of railway safety technology and equipment, and escorted the railway speed increase. Safety equipment such as universal locomotive signal, automatic train stop device, monitoring and recording device for safe running speed of trains, computer cable coupling device at stations, infrared axle temperature detection device for passenger cars, rail flaw detector, track dynamic detector and crossing alarm device have been widely used in the whole railway, and a development mode of combining train operation monitoring with train overspeed protection has initially formed.
Expressway has brought the rhythm of the times to our traffic. The speed increase of railway has brought great economic and social benefits. The ticket revenue of the whole railway increased by more than 10% every year, and the whole railway turned losses into profits one year ahead of schedule. It is the progress of science and technology and the improvement of manufacturing level that have given wings to China Railway.
Scientific and technological progress has injected a strong impetus into the development of China's transportation industry. June 29th, 200 1 year can be said to be a good day in the history of China's traffic construction. Looking at the snowy plateau, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which attracted worldwide attention, officially started construction on the same day. At present, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, with a total length of1142km, crossing 960km above sea level, 550km above frozen soil and 5072m above sea level, has begun to take shape. Among them, the technical problem of railway construction in frozen soil area has been basically solved.
It is a worldwide engineering and technical problem to build a railway in the extremely cold and frozen area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is impossible without sufficient scientific research results. What supported them to create a miracle in the history of railway construction in China and even the world?
Marko, deputy director of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Leading Group Office of the Ministry of Railways, replied: It is the engineers and technicians in China who have provided strong technical backing for the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. They have carried out subgrade, bridge and culvert and house tests in the aeolian permafrost area at an altitude of 4,780 meters and have been observing and studying for many years. After obtaining more than130,000 test data, they made it clear that the core of solving the frozen soil problem is to control the thawing settlement and frost heaving deformation; This paper puts forward the technical route of cooling the foundation frozen soil, reducing the heat introduced into the frozen soil and maintaining the thermal stability of the frozen soil, so as to find effective measures to solve the line diseases caused by the frozen soil during construction.
Director Lin of the Long-term Planning Department of the Development Planning Department of the Ministry of Railways said that in the next few years, in order to meet the needs of the country's western development and promote the coordinated development of the regional economy, efforts will be made to build the basic framework of the western road network, improve the "eight vertical and eight horizontal" railway road network passages, and strengthen the construction of trunk lines across the east and west; Develop intercity multi-line railways in urban dense areas, separate passenger and freight transportation in main busy trunk lines, and build 15 specialized container node stations in major cities and ports throughout the country to meet the national demand for energy transportation and the growth of high value-added materials. By 2020, the total operating mileage of the railway will reach 90,000 kilometers.
1997 65438+ 10, the "Shaoshan No.8" high-power passenger electric locomotive pulled the quasi-high-speed passenger car developed by China and began to run on the Beijing Ring Road. Leaders at all levels of the Ministry of Railways sat on the test car and carefully watched the various data changes on the computer screen and the smooth performance of the train when it was running fast.
When the speed of the train rushed to 2 12.6km/h, and the train ran smoothly for 2 km, Minister Fu Zhihuan of the Ministry of Railways said happily, "China trains entered the high-speed ranks, which is a milestone in the history of China railways". 1June, 1998, the fast train drawn by Shaoshan No.8 electric locomotive was running at the speed of 240 km/h on Zheng Wu Railway, which became the "first speed in China" at that time. Xinhua News Agency quickly broadcast the exciting news to the whole world.
In the past five years, the development of science and technology has injected a strong impetus into the development of China's transportation industry. The traffic situation in China is changing with each passing day, and the rapid development of traffic has become the most striking chapter in the economic map of China. Nowadays, every time you open the traffic map, the transportation network of the motherland outlined by railways, highways and aircraft routes is inevitably "dazzling". The framework of "eight verticals and eight horizontals" has laid out a chessboard for China's economy, and a network of expressways, mainly expressways, has taken shape. Digital traffic is creating a new concept of urban traffic.
According to statistics, the operating mileage of railways has reached 70,000 kilometers, and the transportation density, an important indicator of railway transportation efficiency, has reached 30 million tons per kilometer, ranking first in the world. The highway mileage is 6.5438+0.7 million kilometers, ranking fourth in the world. The expressway mileage has reached 6.5438+0.9 million kilometers, ranking second in the world after the United States. The scale of civil aviation fleet has grown to more than 1 1,000, and the transportation turnover has reached10.40 billion tons of kilometers, forming the largest civil aviation market in the world. The throughput of water transport and containers increased to 26.53 million TEUs, of which Shanghai Port reached 6.34 million TEUs, firmly occupying the fifth place in the world. With the rapid expansion of China's transportation infrastructure, transportation equipment, total passenger and cargo transportation and the substantial improvement of quality level, the overall transportation structure of China has been significantly improved. In the past five years, we have established a large-scale modern transportation system.
Traffic is a big article. How can thousands of words cover the changes and development of China's traffic industry in the past five years? As ordinary people, we are constantly feeling the changes brought about by the development of our traffic, and it is the service of science and technology that injects fresh vitality into traffic. If you want to be rich, build roads first. The significance of transportation science and technology lies in that the rapid development of transportation has effectively stimulated the positive growth of regional economy in underdeveloped areas in China and gradually pushed China's economy onto the fast lane.
The model of science and technology has spread out the railway operation map of China, while Xizang Autonomous Region was blank a few days ago. At present, the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been listed as a major project in the new century in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, and the western end of Longhai Railway, the transverse artery of the national railway, has been extended 1 165438 km.
Talking about the first trip up the mountain, Wang Yongyi, a young subgrade expert and leader of the science and technology research team of the Fifth Bid Section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, said: "At that time, near the end of the year, the climate and environmental conditions on the mountain were extremely bad. When deciding whether to go up the mountain or not, there are different opinions on what technology to adopt.
The total length of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is118km, including 600km of frozen soil and more than 960km above 4000m. Qinghai-Tibet Railway will become the highest and longest plateau railway in the world. Kunlun Mountain Tunnel is located in the plateau frozen soil area above 4600 meters above sea level. What kind of reasonable support is always an expert's scientific research topic. Some people advocate the use of wet shotcrete technology, but it has never been practiced in permafrost tunnels in China, and some experts are skeptical. Therefore, the design needs to use formwork concrete technology, but this is not absolutely certain. Moreover, in the Kunlun Mountain Tunnel, the frozen soil has a high ice content, the surrounding rock is broken, and the frozen soil is exposed for too long, and the ice layer will melt and collapse.
Wang Yongyi led the research team to meet the difficulties. Together with relevant scientific research units, they chose wet shotcrete technology to take the lead in tackling key problems in the whole line. Through a large number of indoor and field tests, wet sprayed concrete finally achieves rapid setting, early strength and durability under cold and frozen soil conditions. As a temporary support of tunnel, the cracks in surrounding rock are closed in time, and the ice melting speed is effectively stopped, which proves the feasibility of wet shotcrete support and fills the gap in this field in China.