Sequential coding system means that the documents cited by the author in the paper are continuously coded with Arabic numerals and square brackets according to the order in which they appear in the paper, and the serial numbers are marked as the upper corner or part of the sentence according to the specific situation, and all the documents are arranged in the reference list according to the serial numbers of the documents appearing in the paper.

File name and version (abbreviated first edition). Literature titles include book titles, thesis titles, patent titles, precipitation titles and so on. Document type and carrier type identification. According to GB 3469-83, the following types of references are identified with English capital letters: monograph [M]' collection of papers [C]' newspaper article [N]' periodical article [J]' paper [D]' report [R]' standard [S]' patent [P].

Literal meaning

References are references in the process of writing articles or works. However, according to the definition of GB/T 77 14-20 15, the reference after the text refers to the relevant literature information resources cited for writing or editing papers and works.

According to the requirements of China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Standard (Trial) and China Social Science Journals Arrangement Standard (Revised Edition), many publications distinguish between references and annotations, and define annotations as "words that further explain or supplement a certain content in a text", which are listed at the end of the article, separated from references or placed at the footer.