The warring States period disputes, competing with each other, the Qin dynasty conquered the country in a border area for more than 100 years, which can be described as the heyday! However, who would have thought that this prosperous dynasty died short-lived, so quickly, so tragically and so mysteriously, which shocked the world. Since ancient times, many people of insight, while being shocked, have been tirelessly exploring the reasons for its rapid rise and sudden demise in order to learn useful lessons from the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty. Jia Yi's On Qin is one of these influential articles, and it is also one of the traditional articles in middle school textbooks for many years.

For more than 2,000 years, Guo Qin Theory has been concerned by people from all walks of life such as politics, history and literature. From the perspective of Chinese teaching, the article is rich in content and covers a wide range, which is more difficult than the general classical Chinese. If we further discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the author's central argument from the perspective of ideological education and thinking training, it will naturally increase the depth and difficulty of teaching. I don't want to miss such an opportunity to cultivate students' innovative thinking, and I have also made a useful attempt to teach experts.

Jia Yi's theory of "benevolence and righteousness are not applied" has been the standard for people to evaluate the Qin Dynasty for more than two thousand years. Until today, when it comes to "Qin", the word "violence" is always added in front of it, and "cruelty" has almost become synonymous with the Qin Dynasty. "Violence" became the root cause of the demise of the Qin Dynasty.

It is a fact that the rule of the Qin Dynasty was cruel. But for thousands of years, Qin was not the only one who ruled brutally! Not to mention Chen She and Liu Xiang who rose up to overthrow the Qin Dynasty. That is to say, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, Kang, Yong and Gan of the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty were praised as wise monarchs by later generations. Which one of them is not cruel? However, their "violence" not only did not perish, but also won people's praise! Is it really true that "winners and losers"?

Therefore, on the basis of dredging the words and understanding the meaning of the text, the author adopts the method of setting questions and guiding them layer by layer, so that students can temporarily put aside previous conclusions and authoritative theories, take the words themselves as the "foundation", the historical materials related to the words as the "auxiliary", and also come to a "theory of passing the Qin Dynasty"-to explore the reasons for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty.

Second, the process

Before the discussion class, I first mobilized students to collect information and allusions related to the demise of Qin Dynasty through various channels (textbooks, books, newspapers, online browsing, visiting experts, etc.), select information from them, find useful materials, and expound and demonstrate their views. In class, I gradually show problems, set difficult problems, provide information, advance step by step through the multimedia screen, guide students to think, question, reason and judge, and finally draw their own conclusions. The general process is as follows:

Question 1: What does the author think is the reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty?

It is easy for students to answer: benevolence and righteousness are not applied, and the offensive and defensive trends are different.

The author first analyzes and expounds the meaning of "different offensive and defensive trends", and then puts forward the following questions according to the viewpoint of "benevolence and righteousness are not applied", and asks the students to discuss in groups and then answer them.

Question 2: For more than two thousand years, when people mentioned Qin, the word "violence" was always added in front of it, and "cruelty" almost became synonymous with Qin. Then, please think about it, which dynasty was not cruel?

The students are very interested in this question, and the class discussion is very lively.

During the five-minute discussion, the students listed many dynasties and famous emperors, most of whom were Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong, Song Renzong, Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty and Qianlong. But they were all scolded by another part of the students, so it is difficult to reach an agreement. In the end, I failed to name a "cruel" emperor.

Finally, the author makes a conclusion: feudal rule is autocratic rule, and its most prominent characteristics are dictatorship, mystery and arbitrariness. Its ultimate and highest purpose is to consolidate the privileges of yourself and your family. Therefore, all the remarks and actions that hinder the emperor's privilege, even the relationship between father and son, even if it is only "may hinder", will inevitably be severely suppressed and ruthlessly stifled. Therefore, the cruelty of feudal emperors is the inevitable product of authoritarian system.

Since the emperors of past dynasties were cruel but did not subjugate the country, cruelty was not necessarily the "reason" for the Qin Dynasty's subjugation. If we discuss the governing strategies of the six countries with Qin at the same time, it will give people some new enlightenment. Then, the class discussion turned to the analysis of the text:

Question 3: Find out the author's evaluation of the old nobles of the Six Countries (represented by the Four Gentlemen) and contact the historical fact that the Six Countries will eventually perish. What can we learn from it?

For the former question, most students can easily find out: "Four Gentlemen of the Warring States", "Sage and faithfulness, generosity and kindness, and respect for the virtuous", and most students can clearly realize that this is the so-called "benevolence and righteousness". But the students are puzzled that "benevolence and righteousness" can't save the fate of the six countries.

The author grasps and makes use of the students' "confusion" to guide appropriately: whether the old nobles in the six countries are "benevolent" or not, we will not discuss it for the time being. However, from the fact that their "benevolence" is also subjugated to the country, it can be concluded that the survival of the country is not necessarily related to whether the monarch is benevolent or not. Therefore, the demise of the State of Qin is not necessarily related to the inapplicability of benevolence and righteousness.

Question 4: Select information from the text and list the "tyranny" of the Qin Dynasty according to what you have seen and heard.

List the "tyranny" of the Qin dynasty, and most students can easily screen it out. The main points listed in the text are:

1, waste Wang Zhidao first;

2. Burn a hundred words;

3. Famous city, killing heroes;

4. Take the soldiers of the world, gather in Xianyang, sell cymbals, and cast twelve gold people to weaken the people of the world.

Some students supplemented a lot of extra-curricular materials, mainly including:

5. Build the Great Wall of Wan Li;

6. Build Epang Palace.

This is the key point of the text and the key link for teachers and students to rewrite Guo Qin Theory in this class. Therefore, after citing the above "tyranny", the next question immediately appears on the screen:

Question 5: Analyze the above-mentioned "tyranny" one by one, and point out which dynasties took measures? What are the necessary measures to run the country and keep the country safe? What are the new measures unique to the Qin Dynasty?

First of all, the author guides students to understand the specific meaning of these "tyranny":

1, "Abolish Wang Zhidao first" refers to the policy that the Qin Dynasty abolished the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty and implemented centralized system.

2. "The words of burning a hundred schools of thought" should be analyzed in detail. The main object of burning books is the Confucian classics circulated by the people, but the Confucian classics of the National Library of Qin Dynasty (that is, "doctor's posts") are not examples of burning books. The real culprit in burning many ancient books is not Qin Shihuang, but Xiang Yu! Xiang Yu entered Shanhaiguan, killed Qin Zi and set fire to Xianyang. The fire lasted until March, and many cultural classics and fine works of art were set on fire.

3. "Killing heroes in famous cities" refers to dismantling the original capitals and military facilities of the six countries in order to strengthen the unification of centralization; Kill the soldiers of the six countries to consolidate the new regime.

4. "Take the soldiers of the world", collect the weapons scattered by the people, and prevent the people from rising up and rebelling.

5. "Building the Great Wall of Wan Li". In fact, Yan, Zhao and Qin had built the Great Wall before the reunification of Qin. After reunification, Qin's job is not to "build" but to "connect", that is, to connect the original Great Wall of the three countries. This kind of project, its cost and labor are different from those when Yan and Zhao built the Great Wall respectively. Moreover, such work is also very necessary to consolidate the border defense and ensure the safety of people's lives and property.

6. "Building Epang Palace", which was built at the beginning of the dynasty.

On the basis of the above work, organize students to discuss in groups, guide students to analyze and summarize these "tyrannies", and cultivate students' ability of inquiry, summary and induction. After the debate, the more unified opinion is:

Measures taken by successive dynasties: 2. "Burning the words of a hundred schools of thought"; 3. "Famous City, Kill Heroes"; 6. Building large-scale projects;

Necessary measures to govern the country and ensure security: 4. "Gather the soldiers of the world"; 5. Building the Great Wall of Wan Li;

A unique new measure of the Qin Dynasty: 1, "Abolish Wang Zhidao first". In the more than two thousand years after the Qin Dynasty, all dynasty changes did not fundamentally change centralization of authority in the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, predecessors have said that "Qin is immortal."

Knowing the real situation of the above-mentioned "tyranny", the author lost no time in pointing out that these harsh rules, such as burning books, destroying cities, killing people and weakening the people, are radical measures that must be taken to safeguard the emerging centralization of authority on the one hand, and are also adopted by successive dynasties without subjugation. This naturally cannot be the main reason for the rapid demise of Qin. And the initiative of "abolishing Wang Zhidao first" is unique to Qin! "Abolish Wang Zhidao first" ── Abolish the enfeoffment system and establish a centralized system, which not only destroyed the former prosperity of the old nobles in the six countries, but also destroyed new noble's dream of sealing the king in Qin.

To illustrate this point, the author displayed another message on the screen:

Question 6: What do you get from reading the following information?

At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Qin Shihuang abolished the feudal Lord system and implemented a centralized county system. This policy shattered new noble's dream of being crowned king and aroused their strong dissatisfaction. In order to urge the king of Qin to restore the enfeoffment system, Wang Wan took pains to bring the two emperors of Qin Shihuang to the temple, recounted the achievements of the emperors and asked for an additional seal. The first emperor thoroughly investigated the traitors, saw through their plot to regress and restore by enfeoffment, and resolutely refuted them.

Some students pointed out that the emerging aristocrats in the Qin Dynasty did not understand or even oppose Qin Shihuang's reform measures. Thus, how arduous the task is and how strong the resistance is to establish a new revolutionary centralization of authority in the Qin Dynasty!

To impress, the author showed the next question?

Question 7: All the above are internal causes of the Qin Dynasty. Find out from the text what is the external cause of its demise;

Most students quickly pointed out: Chen She uprising; Shandong Haojun rose together and Qin family died.

The author asks again: Who does "Shandong Haojun" refer to?

The students are almost unanimous: the old nobles of the six countries.

Question 8: What conclusion can be drawn from the combination of "Wang Zhidao abolished first" and "Shandong Haojun rose and died"?

The students' discussion reached a climax again.

"Abandoning Wang Zhidao first" not only ruined the homes of the old nobles in the Six Kingdoms, but also ruined the dreams of the upstarts in the Qin Dynasty, thus arousing the anger of the old and new nobles. "The rise of Shandong Haojun and the death of Qin family" fully illustrates the urgent psychology of the old nobles in the six countries to overthrow the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, in a sense, "Chen She" is the people of the Qin Dynasty, and "Shandong Haojun" is the old aristocrat of the six countries destroyed by the Qin Dynasty. "Chen She" and "Shandong Haojun" live and die together, that is, the old and new counter-revolutionary collusion, * * * strangled the newborn centralized country.

Third, reflection.

After some discussion and exploration, the students realized that the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty was at least not just what Jia Yi said, but because the pioneering innovation of "abolishing Wang Zhidao first" was the result of the combination of the old and the new counter-revolution and the strangulation of the new regime. However, we make this inquiry, not to convict Qin, nor to criticize Jia Yi, but to clarify the following issues:

1, a new and progressive thing, is always ahead ── beyond the understanding level of most people at that time, so it can't be understood and accepted by the public immediately, so it is normal to appear repeatedly. Centralized system replaced feudal lords system. The same is true of capitalism replacing feudal centralization.

2. The Qin Dynasty perished, but the laws and regulations of the Qin Dynasty did not. "Han inherited the Qin system" and "one Qin through the ages" fully explained the significance of the centralized system initiated by the Qin Dynasty in the historical process.

3. Jia Yi, after all, was a Confucian intellectual more than two thousand years ago, and he came to the wrong conclusion that "benevolence and righteousness are not applied", which was caused by the limitations of history and personal understanding. But what is commendable is that he was able to put forward the political measures of "benevolent government and loving the people" to the then Han Dynasty more than two thousand years ago. However, more than two thousand years later, we should "advise you not to play the old songs and listen to the new Yang Liuzhi" (Liu Yuxi). If we are still playing the old tune of the ancients, it will be very regrettable and very sad.