This paper analyzes the influencing factors and methods of location selection of logistics distribution center. Aiming at the application of gravity method in the location selection of logistics distribution center, an example is given, and the defects of gravity method in location decision-making are improved by using location measurement method, and the best location scheme is obtained through comprehensive analysis.
In the logistics system, the distribution center occupies an important hub position. The location of logistics distribution center refers to the planning process of choosing one or more addresses to set up distribution centers in an economic region with multiple supply points and multiple demand points. A better location scheme of logistics distribution center can effectively save costs, promote the coordination and cooperation between production and consumption, and ensure the balanced development of logistics system. Therefore, the reasonable location of logistics distribution center is very important.
First, the influencing factors of logistics distribution center location
(1) Distribution and quantity of goods. This is the distribution object of the distribution center, such as the distribution of the source and destination of goods, the prediction and development of history, present and future. The distribution center should be optimized as close as possible to the production place and distribution area. With the expansion of distribution scale, the number of goods is also increasing. The higher the growth rate of goods, the more reasonable the location of distribution center is required, thus reducing unnecessary waste during transportation.
(2) Transportation conditions. The location of the logistics distribution center should be close to the transportation hub, so that the distribution center can form a suitable node in the logistics process. If conditions permit, the distribution center should be as close as possible to railway freight stations, ports and highways.
(3) Land use conditions. In today's increasingly expensive land, the land occupation of logistics distribution centers is becoming more and more important. Use the existing land or re-requisition the land? What is the land price? Whether it meets the requirements of government planning. , in the construction of distribution center should be considered comprehensively.
(4) Commodity flow. The consumer goods produced by enterprises change with the transfer of population, and the distribution system of enterprises should be better positioned accordingly. At the same time, the market of industrial products will also change. In order to determine the flow changes of raw materials and semi-finished products, the specific situation of commodity flow should be considered when choosing the location of logistics distribution center.
(5) Other factors. For example, the convenience of labor, transportation and services, and the restrictions on investment.
Second, the logistics distribution center location method
(1) qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is mainly based on the influencing factors and principles of site selection, relying on the rich experience, knowledge and comprehensive analysis ability of experts or managers to determine the specific site selection of distribution centers. There are mainly expert scoring method and Delphi method. The advantage of qualitative method is that it pays attention to historical experience and is simple. Its disadvantage is that it is easy to make mistakes of empiricism and subjectivism, and it is not easy to make ideal decisions when there are many places to choose from, which leads to low reliability of decisions.
(2) Quantitative analysis method. Quantitative methods mainly include barycenter method, baumol-Wolff method, traffic planning method, clustering method, CFLP method, mixed 0- 1 integer programming method, bilevel programming method and genetic algorithm. The advantage of quantitative location method is that it can find more accurate and reliable solutions. Among them, the center of gravity method is a common method to study the location of a single logistics distribution center. In this method, the demand points and resource points in the logistics system are regarded as the logistics system distributed on a certain plane, and the demand and resource quantity of each point are regarded as the weight of the object, and the center of gravity of the object system is the optimal setting point of the logistics network.
Third, the rational location of logistics distribution center case study
An example of (1) gravity model location. Now, let's assume that the headquarters of Rosamund Kwan Mobile Phone Supermarket will build a logistics distribution center to be responsible for the logistics distribution of its stores in Suzhou. According to the specific location of these four stores on the map, the rectangular coordinate system is established, and the coordinate of one store is (0,0). Assuming that the transportation cost per unit distance per unit volume is the same, and the annual logistics volume is as shown in Table 1, the coordinate position of the logistics distribution center is determined by the center of gravity method. Generally speaking, the location coordinates of the distribution center are calculated according to the gravity model (11.5,9.9). As can be seen from the map, this point is exactly where Sanxiang Park is located. (Table 1)
(2) Improvement of gravity model. The barycenter method is an early method, which has the advantages of simple calculation, unlimited location of distribution center and free choice. However, on the other hand, too many degrees of freedom of the center of gravity model is also a disadvantage. It only considers the transportation cost and ignores the fixed cost of distribution center construction (including capital construction cost and fixed operating cost) and the variable cost brought by operation management. Sometimes the best position calculated by the center of gravity method is actually not feasible, and some positions are likely to be on rivers and lakes or in the middle of streets. At this time, we must give up the best position and choose a more satisfactory position according to objective conditions, so we need to improve.
When the coordinates calculated by the gravity center method are not feasible in practice, after considering the municipal planning, geographical conditions and other factors, several feasible alternative points are selected in the circular area with the gravity center coordinates as the center and R as the radius, and then the best logistics distribution center construction point is selected from the alternative points by position measurement. Site selection measurement method is a method that comprehensively considers quantitative and qualitative factors to support facility site selection, and it is another site selection method that evaluates comprehensive factors. The steps are as follows:
1. Divide all factors into cost factors and non-cost factors, and determine the ratio of cost factors: x, and the ratio of non-cost factors: 1-x(0≤x≤ 1).
2. Determine the objective measurement value OM:
OM = 1/[C( 1/C)]( 1)
C is the j th cost of the i th feasible position; OM= 1, where m is the number of objective factors; N is the number of feasible positions.
3. Determine the measured value of non-cost factors SM:
SM=[I×(W/W)](2)
W is the ratio of I position to k factor; W/W is the evaluation value of non-cost factors; I is the weight of k non-cost factors; M is the number of non-cost factors.
4. Determine the position value LM:
LM=xSM+( 1-x)OM(3)
5. decision-making. Maximum LM is the best position.
Because the coordinate points (11.5,9.9) calculated above are not feasible in practice. According to the municipal planning, geographical location, distribution center location and other factors, three alternative points are obtained in the circular area with (11.5,9.9) as the center and1unit length as the radius: P( 10.8,10.
The cost factors that need to be considered in these alternative points are: land price, transportation cost and building installation cost; Non-cost factors include: natural environmental conditions, impact on urban residents, and distance from major traffic roads. The proportion of illegal cost factors through Del is x=0.65, and the proportion of non-cost factors is 1-x=0.35. Among the cost factors, the land prices of P, P and P are C = 4,000, C = 7,000, C = 5,600, transportation costs C=450, C=340, C=300, building installation costs C = 2,050, C =1respectively. Among the non-cost factors, the ratio of natural environmental conditions of P, P and P: W=0.4, W=0.6, W = 0.3, the impact on urban residents: W=0.5, W=0.6, w = 0.4, and the distance to urban main roads: W=0.2, W=0.4, W=0.7. The weight coefficients of non-cost factors are I=0.3, I=0.3 and I=0.4.
According to formulas (1), (2) and (3), LM=0.33, LM=0.30 and LM=0.36 can be obtained. Lm > lm > lm, so point p (12.3,9.5) is the best location for building a distribution center.
Four. conclusion
Qualitative location method pays more attention to historical experience and is simple, but it is easy to make mistakes of empiricism and subjectivism, and it is difficult to make an ideal decision when there are many optional locations, which leads to low reliability of decision-making. Compared with qualitative methods, quantitative positioning method can get more accurate and credible solutions, but it often simplifies and models the original complex things to quantify, and even some opinions may be misunderstood and misinterpreted after quantification. Therefore, the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is a more scientific and practical site selection method. Because the location calculation method in this paper considers both quantitative factors and qualitative factors, and integrates the influence of actual situation, cost factors and non-cost factors, the location of logistics distribution center is more scientific and reasonable after improving the center of gravity method. This method combines qualitative and quantitative advantages and can make ideal decisions.