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On the Artistic Features of Dostoevsky

Tuo is a great writer (such as Balzac) who shocked mankind with the depth of thought rather than with the depth of life. He raised the tragic issues about life, society, morality and customs that have plagued mankind for centuries or even thousands of years to the overall philosophical level about human nature, cultural role, good and evil in the world and human destiny, which is why he became the summary of realism in the19th century. Because he was in the painful perception of human self-contradiction, self-opposition and self-differentiation as the basis of human culture, he tried to solve all the mysteries of human existence, which made him a pioneer of modernist thought and art.

Different from Tolstoy, Tolstoy no longer focuses on the decisive and clear role of objective events in the end of life, like the great writers in the mid-9 th century, but reveals the human spiritual process itself and its complexity-the secrets of the ideological chain and soul. The close-up of key plots (typical plots) gives way to the accurate description of emotional details, and the ever-changing and difficult-to-grasp flow of spirit and flesh becomes the core of writers' grasp. This is even more obvious in Tolstoy. Typical personality in typical environment gives way to typical mind in typical thinking. The difference between Tuo and Tuo is that Tuo emphasizes on the premise of the vastness of life, highlighting the protagonist's withdrawal from the external collapsed world, introspection, self-purification, rebirth and self-improvement, and seeking a new sound road for the external world. Therefore, in Tolstoy's works, the pursuit of exquisite and elegant things and harmonious and complete human nature become its main characteristics. No matter how nervous and distressed Levin is, no matter how tragic Anna is, the overall structure and language style of his works show Tolstoy's methodical and steady wisdom. On the other hand, Rio Tinto is different. On the premise of paying attention to spiritual depth, the internal division and tension of the spirit become its main content. The protagonist bears all the spiritual burdens in the history of human civilization and thinks about the central topic that is always difficult to solve. The ups and downs of the soul and the sudden reversal of fate have brought about the sudden change of plot structure and the spasm of language. Tuoba's family regards Tuoba as a "historian with perfect personality and living a landlord class life" (an upper-middle class aristocrat), while Tuoba's family regards Tuoba as "a person who died in the most intense inner struggle, that is, the struggle between good and evil." "A man full of struggle." Our Lu Xun also said that he is a "completely independent writer", "unparalleled psychologist" and "a man who knows people's hearts". He wrote a book about prisoners, The Living Soul. Constant worry and thinking about the suffering and absurdity of human soul determines Tuoshi to become a master of connecting the past with the future, which determines his artistic innovation.

1. Tension, variability and counterpoint (polyphony, dialogue) in structural art.

A, intense drama, suspense, unpredictability, sudden change and polymerization in surface structure.

The plot structure of Tuoshi's novels consists of more than two clues (Ka is woven from four clues: Alesha, Mika, fedor and Ivan; Bei focuses on Natasha, Nelly and Vanya, focusing on Natasha's marriage. Crime and Punishment takes Ma Mei Latov's life dilemma-a life without a way out-suffering and Raskolnikov's spiritual dilemma-a spirit without a way out-crime as the main clues, supplemented by the plot of Sonia's physical suffering, Dunia's personality and love suffering, and often commits crimes in the form of conspiracy novels, crime novels and thrillers ("crime"; "Bei", "idiot" and "ghost king" conspired to frame and murder people; In the rush of spirit and the turning point of fate, Ka laid all kinds of suspense and decorated it with unexpected scenes such as parties, quarrels, debates, murders, hysterical emotional outbursts and sudden attacks, so its plot changes abruptly and mysteriously. At the same time, due to the highly concentrated time of the story and the fierce ideological contradictions of large characters, his works not only have the sudden danger of plot (dwelling and gathering), but also have a high sense of expansion, showing a kind of one-end gathering (instant: protagonist-mind) and instant gathering. Sin was written for 14 days. The story focuses on Raskolnikov's mental ups and downs and out-of-body experience before and after committing the crime. Ka's story spans 13 years, but the focus is on the three days when fedor was killed. Peng Kexun (Yin Xun, one of the eight gossips, cowardly) said in the 1988 version of The History of Soviet Novels that Tolstoy's novels are good at "choosing the critical moment of life, starting a spiritual dialogue between the characters in the novel and starting a debate on world issues and human soul issues in the process of intense and highly concentrated time and in the whirlpool of dramatic events."

B, the overall dialogue between the characters and their consciousness structure-polyphony.

Dialogism (equal relationship between consciousness and value among characters) and polyphony (counterpoint of consciousness structure) were put forward by Bakhtin (1895-1975), a famous literary theorist in the former Soviet Union. This great scholar, known as "one of the most important thinkers in the 20th century", suffered political hardships during his lifetime, such as being put into a concentration camp and exiled to the south. In his life, he was a great scholar, a great thinker and a great thinker. 2000.000 However, his series of genius works shocked the world and had a wide influence on linguistics, aesthetics and philosophy in the 20th century. Representative works include Novel Discourse, Authors and Heroes in Aesthetic Activities (early 1920s), Poetics in Dostoevsky's Novels and rabelais's Creation and Folk Culture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (65 years). His great achievement lies in the help of his novels. From the perspective of linguistic thinking philosophy, this paper explores the consciousness of dialogue, polyphony and carnival in the narrative language of novels, which deepens the understanding of the narrative essence of novels, and makes people's understanding of novels no longer stay in simple surface analysis, but upgrade to dialysis of people's consciousness structure and spiritual essence. From then on, the novel is no longer a simple story, but an experiment of thought and a variation of spirit (Milan Kundera).

Bakhtin pointed out in the article "On Poetic Revision of Tuoshi's Novels" that Tuoshi had three major discoveries in novel art:

(1), conceptual thinking becomes the main component of artistic description, creating conceptual novels.

(2), created a new structure of the characters, the hero's consciousness is not limited by the writer's framework, and he has an equal status with the writer.

(3) The overall dialogue of the novel, in which the equal dialogue of people with different values forms the polyphonic structure of the book.

Bakhtin's theory of dialogue and polyphonic structure is based on his mirror image theory. He believes that people exist in two ways, one is "my self", that is, the subject self with self-awareness and experience in self, that is, the self in self. The other is the objectified "other" outside the self, including others, me in the eyes of others and me in the body, and also the objectified self created by the subject, such as characters in novels, characters in plays, reflections in water and reflections of self in mirrors (mirrors: mirrors of self-awareness). "Me in Me" is different from: me in the mirror at this time; B, the objectification of the subject "I in the other"; C, the subjective self of others. And "the image in the mirror is always an illusion; Because we are not like ourselves in appearance, we have experienced an' uncertain possible other' in front of the mirror, so we try to find the position of self-worth and dress ourselves up in front of the mirror from others. " That is, dressing up as a mirror image, because the self-image in the mirror is the product of the combination of the self and the other (the world), and it is an objectified self, so it forms a negative and positive relationship with the self. "When I see myself in the mirror, I am controlled by the souls of others" (echo goddess Coy is controlled by narcissus, and narcissus is controlled by her own shadow), so that "I can experience the other as I experience myself", and the other and the world enter myself. "Only in others, I can get the vivid aesthetic (and ethical) experience of human limbs and experiences. Through the objective self, that is, a part of self and a part of others, people have established a mutual communication and mutually exclusive connection between themselves and the world, so as to know and understand the world in their own way. This relationship between subject self and external mirror image determines the contradiction between human thinking and language and the nature of dialogue and communication. Through the divided self, people have a dialogue with themselves and the world. Although people and themselves, people and the world can communicate and transform with each other, they can never completely overlap, and they will always be at the limit and halfway of understanding and cannot fully understand. Through mirror intermediary, people can only partially understand others and themselves. In this way, people and themselves, people and the world prove each other, contradict each other and confront each other in their differences, thus showing all the complexity and possibility of the relationship between people and the world and between people and themselves. This positive and negative relationship of objectified self is a kind of dialogue. Therefore, Bakhtin concluded that dialogism is the essential feature of thinking and language. However, in Bakhtin's view, the comprehensive dialogue of novel language was not sufficient before Tuoba's (Etcotra and Dialogue in Ancient Greece), and the characters created by the previous writers had not yet reached complete independence. Most of them are writers' inner monologues, and they are tools for writers to manipulate at will. Only when Tuoshi comes can the characters get rid of the author and become equal to the author, audience and other characters.

Bakhtin's theory may be inspired by Dostoevsky's view that human nature is an animal with self-contradiction, and then it is applied to reveal the main thinking characteristics and horizontal state of Dostoevsky's creation, which has to be said to be quite accurate and profound. In Tuoshi's novels, the author brings people with different values together, expresses his views on life, the world or a certain problem, insists on his own opinions, and sometimes even sings against himself (double shadow people; Dual personality), in this way, each character's heart is a symphony with complex melody, and at the same time it is a part of the great symphony of the world soul, a melody. When all the people got together, they formed a multi-voice choir and a multi-voice symphony orchestra. The world of personal voice; An individual world composed of many reverberating worlds. The changeable world in the soul constitutes a profound and complex subjective universe, while the changeable world between souls constitutes a more profound and unpredictable objective universe. Just like the sound in a symphony, the human spirit is pushed to a deeper and ever-changing variation at the intertwined level, gradually showing the mystery and unpredictability of human life and soul. The author's method of arranging the spiritual structure relationship between characters and the structural relationship between characters is called polyphony counterpoint. As Steiner said in the book "Dostoevsky's Freedom System" written in 1923, "Dostoevsky used his Symphony Dialectics to systematically sort out all the contemporary opposing world views, so that they can be realized, and his thoughts became individual roles, and he finally materialized in him. He is building a "world in the world". In this world, man is not the matrix and embodiment of his world outlook. On the contrary, people's "thoughts" are the essence of people. To a great extent, the musical treatment of ideas and characters is one of the main characteristics of novel art in the 20th century. Levi Strauss said: Music is a medium that integrates soul and body, space and time, sensibility and rationality, metaphor and other symbols. Music needs time, but it also denies time. Music turns listening time into a tense and self-disciplined whole. Therefore, listening to music works is to fix the flowing time through the internal organization of the works, thus making us close to eternity. Modern masters have discovered that music can grasp the property of "flowing time" and express the multi-level structure, and created many different and interrelated infinitely complex psychological universes:

John cleese Dover:

Olivier-rationality; France.

Christopher-creativity; Germany.

Grazia-beauty; Italy.

Antoinette-kindness; French.

Ulysses detector

Stephen: Meditation; Transcendentalization; Mind.

Bloom: Daily experience; Desire; Body.

Maulai: Desire instinct; Lower body.

Noise and commotion

Banky: 1928, 4, 7, c: the instinct of chaos and pain.

Quentin: 19 10, 6, 2, a: painful speculative rationality, mental pain.

Jason: 1928, 4, 6, b: the real reason for being cold.

Dilcey: 1928, 4, 8, d: Love that has insight into everything, love that has experienced vicissitudes.

Waves tells the story of modern people losing themselves. Fate trajectory; Self-awareness melody; Character counterpoint

Lu Yi: A man who "hangs in the air and has nowhere to belong" in the cultural tradition of Duangen.

Unify yourself with a unified history. Where is the way out?

Bernard: A man lost in the easy chair of family ancestors and self-confusion. Who am I? A few me?

Nayville: A Man Lost in Subjective Inner Chaos.

Susan: People lost in motherhood and wives are used by men.

Jenny: People who are lost in sexual satisfaction. Fall down.

Rhoda: Lost among imitators. World-weary suicide

Everyone's stream of consciousness is delayed in the variation of music theme.

Magic mountain.

The forms of German dialogue in Tuoshi's works are as follows:

"Di" car, Du, Bentham,

Narrow readers:

Tu, Che and Du in Qun

(1), author and reader

Readers in a vague sense: card and the conscience of the times in everyone's heart.

2. Authors and characters: Ivan, La, Mei, Yi and Luo are some representative writers who are independent of writers: Right.

Words.

3. Characters: Sin and Lu people, Sonia, Dugner, Ma Mei Latov, college students,

The dialogue relationship between Svay Rigaloff.

Double-shadow people in dual personality. Another structure of consciousness differentiation and evolution.

The desperate situation in the two-stage circuitous course of Basement Notes.

Functions and functions:

① Introduce readers into a space of equal treatment and active participation in "thinking".

② Introduce the characters into a real contradiction, and fully show the external and internal conflicts of people.

(3) The whole book is a symphony of various ideas, which introduces ideas into literature and becomes the main object of literature. The musical counterpoint of thought has become another skill of the novel, not just a way of visualizing thought. Play with ideas, emotional extrasensory. Superperceptual perception. It shows the profundity, extensiveness and complexity of human thought. The warp and weft tapestry of human and soul. The tension and entanglement between people.

2. The art of delicate and profound description of specific psychology.

Tuoshi said: "People call me a psychologist, no, I'm just a realist in the highest sense, that is."

In other words, I describe everything in the human heart. "I want to dig out all the problems in the novel", the purpose of which is to express "people's feelings in the development of people's spirit" and "dig people into people with the fullest realism" Mr. Lu Xun called Tuoshi a "cruel genius" and a "great interrogator of human soul". "All great interrogators of human souls must be great prisoners at the same time. The interrogator accused him of evil in class, and the prisoner stated his goodness in class; The interrogator exposes the filth in the soul, and the prisoner clarifies the buried glory in the exposed filth, thus showing the depth of the soul. " In this "laboratory of the highest realist", he studied the whole human soul.

Tuoshi's exploration of the depths of human soul mainly lies in his novels showing the abnormal, mysterious, painful and lofty spiritual experience of human psychology.

A, good at expressing the dark psychology in the minds of characters: hysteria, alcoholism, seizures, endless troubles, deep guilt, the pain of choosing between the two, self-indulgence, self-humiliation (Ivanovna: dancing; Lebedev begged and danced in front of rogozin; Show off your moral corruption: Valkovsky; Fedor), sadist, masochist, masochist, self-mutilation, suicide.