Human anatomy is a science to study the normal morphological structure of human body, and its task is to understand and master the morphological structure, position and adjacent relationship of various organs of human body, so as to lay a foundation for learning other basic medicine and clinical medicine.

The teaching of human anatomy is divided into two parts: systematic anatomy and local anatomy. Systematic anatomy is to study the morphological structure of human body according to its organs and systems. Local anatomy is to study the morphological structure and positional relationship of each organ palace according to the local body.

We should observe and study the shape and structure of human body with the viewpoints of evolution and development, the combination of shape and function, the unity of part and whole, and the close connection between theory and practice. When studying, we should pay attention to observing specimens, models and living bodies, and learn to use reference books, such as maps.

Master the terms such as axis, plane and orientation of human body;

Anatomical posture-the body is upright, the eyes are looking straight ahead, the feet are standing side by side, the toes are forward, the upper limbs are hanging on both sides of the trunk, and the palms are forward. The description of human body structure is based on this posture.

Axis of the human body-According to the standard posture, the human body can have three mutually perpendicular axes. Namely:

(1) Sagittal axis: the axis perpendicular to the long axis of the body and the coronal axis from front to back.

(2) Coronal axis: the axis perpendicular to the long axis and sagittal axis of the body from left to right, also called frontal axis.

(3) Longitudinal axis: an axis parallel to the long axis of the body from top to bottom.

The cross section of the human body-also divided into three types:

(1) Sagittal plane: a longitudinal section that divides the body into two parts: the front-back direction and the left-right direction. If the body is divided into equal left and right halves, it is called the median sagittal plane.

(2) Coronal plane: a longitudinal section dividing the body into left and right parts.

(3) Horizontal plane: the section perpendicular to the vertical axis, which divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Commonly used positioning terms:

Ventral surface-near ventral surface-near dorsal surface

Upper (cranial side)-close to the head, lower (caudal side)-close to the foot.

Inside-near the outside of the median plane-away from the median plane.

Inside-near the lumen-away from the lumen

Shallow-close to body surface depth-far from body surface

Proximal-near the root of the limb-far from the root of the limb

First motion system

Master the composition and function of sports system;

The exercise system consists of bones, osseointegration and skeletal muscle.

The exercise system constitutes the scaffold and basic form of the human body, and plays the role of protection, support and exercise.

Chapter I Osteology

The first part is an overview.

Normal adults have 206 bones, which can be divided into three parts: skull, trunk and appendages.

Bone, composed of bone tissue, is hard and elastic, and is rich in blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. Living bone is a living organ, which has the characteristics of metabolism, growth and development, and has the ability of repair and reconstruction. Normal physical labor and regular physical exercise can promote the good development of bones.

Master the classification of bones:

Distribute work and energy in classified form.

long bone

short bone

flat bone

Irregular long bone tube

volumetric

clintheriform

The irregular shape acts as a lever under muscle traction.

Able to work under greater pressure.

Surround the bone cavity to protect the organs.

Some skulls are filled with air.

Cavity, a limb that plays the role of * * * (including qi bone), such as humerus and femur.

Wrist and ankle, such as wrist and tarsus.

Head and chest, such as parietal bone and ribs.

Spine and skull base, such as vertebrae, temporal bones and maxilla.

Master the structure of bones

Bone consists of bone, periosteum, bone marrow, nerves and blood vessels.

Bone is the main component of bone, which is divided into two parts:

1, Dense is composed of closely arranged bone plate layers, which have strong compression and torsion resistance and are distributed on the surface of bone. The backbone of a long bone (the thinner part in the middle) is made of dense materials. In the skull cap, dense substances constitute the inner plate and the outer plate.

2. cancellous bone is composed of trabecular bone interwoven into a net, which is located inside the bone, such as the end of long bone (called epiphysis) and other types of bones. The cancellous bone of the skull is called the plank barrier. The arrangement of trabecular bone has certain regularity.

Periosteum-a membrane composed of fibrous tissue. The surface of fresh bone (except articular surface) is covered with periosteum. Periosteum can be divided into inner layer and outer layer, and the inner layer contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Periosteum is rich in blood vessels and nerves, which plays an important role in bone nutrition, regeneration, repair and sensation.

Bone Marrow-Bonus and Yellow:

1. Red bone marrow has hematopoietic function. The bones of fetus and baby are red bone marrow, and adults are only contained in cancellous bone cavity.

2. Yellow bone marrow is adipose tissue, which has no hematopoietic function and exists in the bone marrow cavity of long bones.

Blood vessels, nerves

The part of a long bone near the epiphysis is called the metaphyseal end. In childhood, there is epiphyseal cartilage between the backbone and epiphysis. Through the division, reproduction and ossification of chondrocytes, the bones become longer and longer. In adulthood, epiphyseal cartilage stops growing and ossifies, forming an epiphyseal line at the junction of metaphyseal end and epiphysis.

Chemical composition and physical properties of bone;

Organic matter accounts for 1/3 of the weight of bones, and as a scaffold for osteogenesis, it gives bones elasticity and toughness; Inorganic matter accounts for 2/3, which makes the bones quite hard and strong. Pay attention to the characteristics of bones in children and the elderly.

Basic features of X-ray images of bones;

Bone density, cancellous bone, bone marrow cavity, epiphyseal cartilage and epiphyseal line.

Review thinking questions

I. Explanation of Nouns

1 .epiphyseal cartilage 2, epiphyseal line 3. periosteum

4. Air bearing bone 5. red marrow

Second, questions and answers

1. What is the morphological structure of bones? How does a long bone grow and thicken from childhood to adulthood?

2. Why are old people prone to fracture under the action of external force?

3. What are the main functions and clinical significance of periosteum?

Axial bone of the second section

First, the trunk bones

Master the composition of trunk bones:

Trunk bones include seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, one sacrum, one coccyx, twelve pairs of ribs and one thoracic vertebrae.

Master the general shape of vertebrae:

The vertebral body is spongy and the surface is dense. It is the main part of the spinal load.

There are notches on the upper and lower edges of pedicle, and the upper and lower notches of adjacent vertebrae participate in forming intervertebral foramen.

vertebral arch

As a result, the vertebral arch plate emits seven processes: a pair of transverse processes, a pair of upper and lower articular processes and a spinous process.

Vertebral foramen is surrounded by vertebral body and vertebral arch. The hole of each vertebra is connected with the spinal canal, which contains the spinal cord and its capsule.

Master the main features of each vertebra:

Compare the typical neck, chest and lumbar vertebrae, and then complete the following table.

It is called spinous process costal recess of transverse process of vertebral foramen.

Cervical vertebrae

sternal vertebra

lumbar vertebra

Characteristics of special cervical vertebrae:

Cervical vertebra 1: also called atlas, annular, without vertebral body, spinous process and articular process.

The second cervical vertebra: also known as the axis, has a protrusion from the vertebral body, called odontoid process.

The seventh cervical vertebra: also known as carina, the spinous process is particularly long and has no bifurcation at the end.

Morphological characteristics of sacrum:

It is formed by the fusion of five sacrums, which is triangular, with the bottom facing up, the tip facing down and the front concave and the back convex. Sacral promontory, anterior sacral foramen, median sacral crest, posterior sacral foramen, sacral canal, sacral canal hiatus, sacral horn, with auricular surface (related to hip joint) and sacral tubercle on the upper part.

Morphological characteristics of coccyx:

Only the first coccyx has traces of transverse process and superior articular process.

Master the basic morphological structure of sternum

Shape: long flat bone, wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.

Division: from top to bottom, it is divided into sternal stalk, sternal body and sternal xiphoid process.

Important signs: notch of sternal jugular vein (upper edge of sternal stalk), sternal angle (where the sternal stalk meets the sternal body, its two sides are connected with the second costal cartilage).

Grasp the general shape of ribs:

Classification of true rib (1-7), false rib (8- 10) and floating rib (1-12).

rib

Structure rib head, rib neck, rib nodule, rib angle, rib body and rib groove.

1 costal cartilage is the junction with sternal cartilage.

Costal cartilage 2-7 Costal cartilage and sternum form a sternoclavicular joint.

The 8- 10 costal cartilage is connected with the supracostal cartilage to form the costal arch.

The characteristics of the first rib

Wide and short, without grooves and edges, divided into upper and lower sides and inner and outer sides. There are anterior scalene muscle nodules in the front of the inner edge, shallow grooves on its upper surface, before and after the anterior scalene muscle nodules, subclavian vein grooves in front and subclavian artery grooves in the back.

Master the skeletal characteristics of the trunk:

Incision of jugular vein: the upper edge of sternal stalk in the upper part of chest is depressed.

Sternal angle: A slightly convex sternal angle is formed at the junction of the sternal stalk and the sternal body, and the second costal cartilage is connected to both sides of this angle, which is an important symbol of several ribs.

Xiphoid process: the lower part of the sternum, at the lower corner of the sternum formed by the rib arches on both sides.

Rib arch: it is the lower edge of the anterior chest wall, obliquely downward from the upper inner side to the lower outer side, and the abdominal wall is below.

Spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra: the most prominent protrusion at the flat shoulder when lowering the head.

Spinous process of the fourth lumbar vertebra: flush with the highest point of iliac crest (* * * Other lumbar spinous processes can be counted as such).

Sacral angle: it is the inferior articular process of the fifth sacral vertebra, which is used to determine the position of sacral canal hiatus in clinic.

Second, the skull.

The skull consists of 23 flat bones and irregular bones of different shapes and sizes. Except mandible and hyoid bone, they are firmly connected to each other by suture or cartilage.

Master the composition and function of skull;

Cranium-located in the upper part of the back, forming a cranial cavity, containing the brain, protecting and supporting the brain.

skull

Facial skull-located in the front and lower parts, it forms facial support to protect and support the sensory organs and the initial parts of the digestive and respiratory systems.

(1) Cranium:

Identify the eight skulls that make up the skull on the whole skull;

Paired parietal and temporal bones.

An unpaired frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone and occipital bone.

Division of temporal bone, ethmoid bone and sphenoid bone and main structures visible in each part;

temporal bone

Scales-located in the front and upper part of the external ear door.

Mastoid process-located behind the external ear portal and containing mastoid cells.

Drum-located below the external ear door.

Petrous-contains the inner ear and the tympanum belonging to the middle ear.

ethmoid bone

Sieve plate-in the horizontal position, it forms the top of nasal cavity, and there are many small holes on the plate, which are called sieve holes.

Vertical plate-part of the bony nasal septum.

Ethmoidal labyrinth-contains ethmoidal sinus, and there are two small bone pieces curled downward on the inner wall of labyrinth, namely the middle turbinate of the upper turbinate.

sphenoid

Sphenoid body-located in the center, including sphenoid sinus, with pituitary fossa in the upper central depression.

Sphenoid winglet-it extends from the sphenoid body to both sides, forming the posterior edge of the anterior cranial fossa.

Wedge wing-located behind the winglet, there are three holes at the root of the winglet, which are round hole, elliptical hole and spinous hole in turn from front to back.

Pterygium-a pair of downward projections with sagittal pterygium at the root.

Features of the head cover:

Dense substances constitute the outer plate and the inner plate of the skull cap (thinner than the outer plate, obviously bent, and the inner plate is easy to fracture when the skull top is subjected to violence). The spongy space between the two plates is called a barrier, and there are veins passing through it.