1. What are the characteristics of scientific papers?
What distinguishes scientific papers from other styles is the scientific exposition of innovative scientific and technological research achievements, the scientific record of some theoretical, experimental or observational new knowledge, and the scientific summary of some known principles applied to practice to make new progress and new achievements. Therefore, a complete scientific paper should be scientific, creative, logical and effective, which constitutes the basic characteristics of scientific papers.
Scientificality-this is the methodological feature of scientific papers. It not only describes the propositions related to the field of science and technology, but more importantly, the content discussed has scientific credibility, is a mature theory, skill or replicable object, or is a mature technology that can be popularized and applied after repeated use.
Originality-this is the soul of scientific papers, which is different from other documents. It requires the phenomena, attributes, characteristics and laws that things follow when they move, or the application of these laws must be unprecedented, pioneering or partially pioneering, and must be discovered, invented, created and advanced, rather than repeating, imitating or explaining the work of predecessors.
Logic-this is the structural feature of the article. It requires clear context, rigorous structure, complete premise, correct calculus, standardized symbols, fluent words, refined charts, reasonable inference, early response and self-integration.
Validity-refers to the way articles are published. Up to now, only through peer experts' evaluation of related majors, have they passed the defense and filed at an academic appraisal meeting; Or published in official scientific journals, is considered to be complete and effective. At this time, no matter what language is used to publish scientific papers, it shows that the facts and their true meanings revealed by scientific papers have been easily applied by others and become an integral part of the treasure house of human knowledge.
2. What are the classifications of scientific papers?
Classifying scientific papers from different angles will have different results. Judging from the scientific papers published in current journals, they mainly involve the following five categories:
The first category is argumentation-discussion and proof of basic scientific propositions, or theoretical analysis of new ideas, new models, new materials and new processes. In order to improve, supplement or revise them. For example, the determination of specific indicators to maintain the healthy life of rivers and the distribution of initial water rights in river basins all belong to this type. People who specialize in research write more scientific papers in this field.
The second category is scientific and technological report-a scientific and technological report is a document describing the achievements or progress of a scientific and technological research, or the results of an experiment and evaluation of a scientific and technological research, or discussing the present situation and development of a scientific and technological problem. Narrative is a special case of it. The feasibility demonstration articles of professional technology, engineering schemes and research plans, and scientific and technological report papers account for the vast majority of modern scientific and technological documents. People engaged in engineering design and planning write more scientific papers in this field.
The third category is discovery and invention-articles that describe the background, phenomena, essence, characteristics, movement and changing laws of discovered things or events and the prospect of human beings using this discovery. An article describing the efficacy, performance, characteristics, principles and conditions of use of the invented equipment, systems, tools, materials, processes, formula forms or methods. People engaged in engineering construction write more articles in this field.
The fourth category is design and calculation-computer program design to solve some engineering problems, technical problems and management problems, computer-aided design and optimization design of some systems, engineering schemes and products, computer simulation of some processes, design or modulation and preparation of some products or materials, etc. People who are engaged in computer and other software development write more scientific papers in this field.
The fifth category is review-this is a special scientific paper (such as literature review). The main difference from general scientific papers is that it does not require originality in the research content. Although a good summary article often contains some new materials and new ideas that have not been published before, it requires the author to put forward the development and evolution law and trend of related professional topics in a specific period on the basis of comprehensive analysis and evaluation of existing materials. There are usually two writing methods: one is to collect literature, supplemented by comments, and objectively comment. The other focuses on comments. Through review, observation and prospect, this paper puts forward logical and enlightening views and suggestions. People engaged in management work write more scientific papers in this field.