Everyone has written a paper from primary school, junior high school, high school to university and even work. The process of writing a thesis is the process that people gain direct experience. I believe many people will find it difficult to write a paper. The following is my comparative and combinatorial research paper on analytical political economy and western economics, which is for reference only and I hope it will help you.

Political economics and western economics belong to two branches of economics. Although there are essential differences, there is also a unified side. This paper analyzes the opposition and unity between political economics and western economics from four aspects: use axiology and utility axiology, cost, pricing and profit, and monopoly, so as to find the feasibility of combining them and provide a broader idea for solving economic problems.

Keywords: political economy; Western economics; Comparison;

After the classical political economy, modern economics gradually divided into two systems: Marxist political economy and western economics. Western economics is divided into microeconomics and macroeconomics according to its research angle. Political economy takes social relations of production as the research object, reveals the law of economic operation, and takes the duality of labor as the core. Western economics takes the choice of people and society as the research object, macroeconomics takes the national income determination theory as the core, and microeconomics takes the equilibrium price theory as the core. By comparing the similarities and differences between political economics and western economics, it provides necessary support for the combination of the two.

1, comparison between use axiology and utility axiology

Marxist political economy advocates the use of axiology, while western economics advocates the utility axiology. Marxist political economy puts forward that commodity is the unity of value and use value. Use value refers to the usefulness of things. According to the duality of labor in labor theory of value, abstract labor forms commodity value and concrete labor creates commodity use value. The use value determines the attributes of goods and has obvious objectivity. Therefore, commodities meet people's needs with their use value. In the theory of utility value, the utility of commodities refers to the ability of commodities to satisfy people's desires, which measures the subjective feelings of individuals rather than objective labor, so it has obvious subjectivity.

Although there are differences between them, they are still unified. Use value and utility are two aspects of the same thing, both of which have the characteristics of usefulness. From the perspective of different definitions, use value is characterized by the usefulness of things, and the reason why goods can meet people's needs in utility theory of value is precisely the usefulness of goods themselves, that is, use value. Because utility has two characteristics: usefulness and scarcity, and use value refers to usefulness, we can't simply equate them, but their identity does exist. Therefore, the unity of use axiology and utility axiology lays the foundation for the combination of political economics and western economics.

2. Comparison of cost issues

If people want to carry out production and business activities or achieve certain goals, they must spend certain resources, and the monetary expression and objectification of the resources spent is called cost. In Marxist political economy, the concept of productive capital is put forward from the perspective of cost. The price of production capital is expressed as cost price, which is represented by K, and K is equal to c+v, where C refers to fixed capital and V refers to working capital. Fixed capital refers to the part of the cost invested in labor materials such as factories, machinery and equipment, and the value gradually shifts to a certain proportion in a production process. In the process of multiple production, the value can be transferred. Working capital refers to the part of capital that is put into the production process at one time and its value is completely transferred in a production process. Specifically, it refers to the part of capital invested in raw materials, fuels and auxiliary materials. In western economics, costs are divided into fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed cost is the total expenditure that must be paid when the output is zero, and the fixed cost is not affected by any output; Variable costs refer to expenditures that vary with output, including raw materials, fuel, wages and all non-fixed costs.

Through the analysis, we can see that although there are differences in definition, fixed capital is highly similar to constant cost, and working capital is highly similar to variable cost. Input of raw materials, fuels, auxiliary materials, etc. It belongs to the category of variable capital in Marxist political economy, but it has become the category of variable cost in western economics. The part invested in factories and machines belongs to the category of constant capital in Marxist political economy, but it has become the category of constant capital in western economics.

3. Comparison between pricing and profit.

In view of the price problem, Marxist political economy believes that value determines price. The duality of labor holds that labor is divided into concrete labor and abstract labor. Indifferent and homogeneous abstract labor determines the value of goods, which in turn determines the price of goods. However, in western economics, when other market factors remain unchanged, the equilibrium price P0 of commodities is the intersection of supply curve and demand curve, that is, supply and demand determine commodity prices.

Although they have different price determinants, we can see their integration through the law of value. The law of value in political economy holds that the value of commodities is determined by socially necessary labor time, and commodities are exchanged at equal value. Its performance is that the market is affected by the relationship between supply and demand, and the price fluctuates up and down with the value as the center. Therefore, although they think that the determinants of price are different, the decision of price cannot be divorced from either side of value or supply and demand.

Profit acquisition is still the unity of opposites. In political economy, after the production value of necessary labor time is completed, we continue to work to create surplus labor value, thus obtaining the value-added part, that is, profit. In western economics, profit is equal to price minus cost. These two meanings seem different, but they are actually the same. Because at this time, the capital consumed by necessary labor time is the sum of constant capital and variable capital, which happens to be the cost price (cost), and the profit in political economy can also be expressed as the price MINUS the cost.

4. Comparison of monopoly issues

Monopoly is often mentioned in the market. Investigating the reasons, Marx's political economy believes that the progress of science and technology leads to the increasing concentration of production, and when production is concentrated to an appropriate stage, a monopoly is formed. In western economics, the causes of monopoly are natural monopoly, resource monopoly and administrative monopoly. However, although the reasons are different, both acknowledge the evolution of "competition-monopoly". In free competition, various industries gradually form a monopoly, thus obtaining higher profits. Although the economic views of the two sides are different, they overlap, and they should probably be combined when considering and analyzing the causes of monopoly.

In the relationship between monopoly and competition, they also have similarities. Marx thought that "monopoly is a good thing because it is an economic category … competition is a good thing because it is also an economic category …" Marx's political economy acknowledged that monopoly and competition exist in the market at the same time. Monopoly and competition influence and promote each other, showing the relationship of unity of opposites. In western economics, monopoly and competition coexist. In terms of market division, the market is divided into perfect competition market, complete monopoly market, monopolistic competition market and oligopoly market. By fully considering the different market categories of monopoly and competition, the relationship between monopoly and competition is highlighted.

5. Conclusion

Through the analysis of the above four aspects: use axiology and utility axiology, cost, pricing and profit, monopoly, although political economics and western economics belong to two branches, they are related in many aspects. In some basic principles, they are the relationship of unity of opposites. Therefore, we should treat political economics and western economics scientifically, and should not abandon one of them at will, or only emphasize the other extremely. Political economics and western economics are two economic systems formed by the wisdom of outstanding scholars in past dynasties. We cannot deny that both of them have more or less shortcomings, but we cannot easily deny either of them. On the basis of the essential differences between the two, we should actively look for suitable contact points, combine the two and combine the current economic reality, so as to analyze and solve the problem more comprehensively.

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