1. First person: The narrative is cordial and natural, and it can freely express thoughts and feelings, giving readers a real and vivid feeling.

2. The second person said: enhance the lyricism and intimacy of the article and facilitate emotional communication.

3. The third person: can directly and objectively show colorful life, not limited by time and space, and reflect reality more flexibly and freely.

Second, the narrative mode

1. Sequential narration: it can be described clearly in a certain order (time or space).

2. Flashback: causing suspense and fascinating.

3. Interpolation: Make necessary preparations and supplementary explanations for the main plot or central event to make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous and the content more substantial.

4. Supplementary narration: Supplementary explanation of the above contents and explanation of the following parts.

5. Plain description: commonly known as "two flowers bloom, one for each table", (referring to describing two or more things that happen at the same time) makes the clues clear and handled properly.

Third, describe

Generally speaking, description has the following functions: ① Reproduce natural scenery. ② Describe the appearance and inner world of the characters. ③ Explain the natural and social environment of the characters' activities.

1. Portrait, action description and psychological description: better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters.

2. Description of scenery: Describe the natural scenery in detail, create an atmosphere, and set off the emotions and thoughts of the characters.

3. Description of environment and scene: Explain the background of the characters' activities, specify the time and place of the event, and render the atmosphere to better represent the characters.

4. Characters' dialogue description, psychological description and detail description: portray characters' personalities, reflect their psychological activities and promote the development of stories. It can also describe the voice of the characters and receive special effects.

5. Positive description and profile description: the positive directly shows people and things; Highlight people and things from the side.

Fourth, rhetoric.

1. Metaphor: turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete.

2. Metaphor: giving things an emotional form (personification), vivid description and rich expression.

Metonymy: replace complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, and everything with strangeness.

4. Exaggeration: contrast the atmosphere, enhance the appeal and enhance the association; Create an atmosphere, reveal the essence and inspire people.

5. Duality: easy to recite, easy to remember, so that words have a sense of music; Concise ideographic and lyrical.

6. Parallelism: the rhythm is distinct, the content is concentrated, and the momentum is enhanced; The narrative is thorough and detailed; Good at lyric.

7. Repetition: the lyrical writing of the scenery is strong; Connecting the preceding with the following, distinguishing levels; It has been emphasized many times, which is impressive.

8. Contrast: Make the characteristics of things expressed or the rational viewpoints expounded more distinct and prominent.

9. Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, ask questions, and arouse readers' thinking.

10. rhetorical question: emphasize tone, strong tone and strengthen emotion.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) structural arrangement

Skills of layout planning: cut to the chase, echo from beginning to end, show ambition, pave the way, deepen layer by layer, spread too much, set clues; Compact structure and complete symmetry; Lift the ground and take care of it; Set suspense, create waves, connect and merge, and have twists and turns. Whether the relationship between materials and the center is properly handled and whether the primary and secondary details are appropriate; Whether the materials are typical, authentic, novel and powerful.

Narrative texts are often arranged according to the passage of time, the transformation of space, the change of scenes and the logical order of thinking. The clues of prose conception generally include: taking emotion as the clue; Take reason as a clue; Take things as clues; Take spatial location as a clue.

Clarify the function of sentences in different positions in the text from the structure;

1, the first sentence-lead out the full text, outline and lead out the following to pave the way for the following;

2, the last sentence-summary of the full text, deepen the theme, take into account the above, echo before and after, meaning endless, memorable.

3, into a sentence-connecting the preceding with the following, transition, undertaking the above, leading to the following;

4. Central sentence-point out the center and reveal the main idea;

5, the finishing touch-point out the center of the full text and lead the full text; The sentence is profound, thought-provoking and enlightening after reading.

6, emotional sentences-express strong inner feelings, express your chest directly;

7. Contradictory sentence-it is self-contradictory literally, but the author has profound meaning. Reveal profound connotations and express profound opinions.

(1) The structural features of narrative (prose)

(1) Organize materials in chronological order or in the order of occurrence and development of events.

(2) according to the transformation of observation points to arrange material, such as my castle in the air.

(3) Arrange the materials according to the layout of the site, such as "Visiting Ancient Inner Mongolia".

(4) Arrange the structure according to the nature of materials, such as "trivial memories".

⑤ Arrange the materials according to the author's cognitive process or emotional changes. Like litchi honey.

⑥ Arrange materials according to what the author has seen, heard, felt and thought as writing clues.

(2) the structural characteristics of argumentative essays

① According to logical thinking, it includes three parts: asking questions, analyzing problems, solving problems or introducing, theory and conclusion.

② From the perspective of text structure, the common structures are juxtaposition structure, contrast structure, progressive structure and total score structure.

Sixth, the expression began to analyze the meaning of the sentence:

1, the discussion in narrative often plays the role of finishing touch, revealing the purpose and significance of narrative;

2. Narratives in argumentative essays often play the role of illustrations;

3. The description and writing style in the explanatory text have played a role in making the works more vivid.

4. The writing method of alternating narration and discussion makes the explanation and discussion of the article relaxed and lively, and it is both interesting and enlightening to read. The narrative in the article serves the discussion, which is based on narrative and provides factual basis for the discussion, making the argument well-founded and convincing.

Seven. language

1, whether the language is accurate, concise, vivid and vivid;

2. What is the unique language style (humorous, spicy, plain, natural, concise and lively, subtle and deep, etc.)? );

3. What unique rhetorical devices are used (metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, synaesthesia, etc.). ).

Eight, expression techniques

1 Symbol expresses an abstract concept, thought or emotion with the help of concrete things, which is characterized by using some characteristics (content) between symbol and symbolized object to obtain implicit and vivid expression, thus enhancing the expressive force of the article. The symbol means "something to lean on", that is, "to borrow one thing from another", and the theme is implicit but not revealing, hidden but not gloomy.

2, foil, refers to not directly describe the main characters or things, but to describe their background, related characters or things, so that its image is prominent, this writing method not only makes the main image more vivid in contrast, but also makes the article tortuous and implicit, unique.

3, first suppress and then promote, arouse curiosity, emotional bedding, arouse curiosity.

4. By expressing his will through supporting things, the author skillfully entrusts his personal feelings and ideas in the process of describing things, and integrates his feelings into things to express his inner feelings, which is implicit, philosophical and suggestive, so that readers can enjoy a unique aesthetic feeling in appreciation.

5, lyrical scenery, through the description of the scenery, to contrast the author's feelings of joy or sadness.

6. The combination of reality and fiction can grasp the key points and highlight the essential characteristics of things, thus depicting people more vividly, highlighting the characteristics of things and scenery and revealing the theme more deeply. Compact structure, concentrated pen and ink.

7. Dynamic and static contrast, dynamic and static contrast, vivid contrast, complement each other.

8. See the big from the small, embody major themes from ordinary and subtle things, highlight the performance center and be more powerful.

9, rendering contrast, rendering, refers to the author through the appearance, behavior, psychology, language or events, environment, scenery, etc. , pay attention to description, highlight the essential characteristics of people or things, in order to deepen the theme of a means of expression. Setting off means not directly describing the main characters or things, but describing their backgrounds and related people or things to make their images stand out. This kind of writing not only makes the subject image more vivid in contrast, but also makes the article tortuous and subtle and unique. By comparison, we can find the difference between them: rendering lies in the intentional description of something; A foil is a description of other things related to it, which plays a role in setting off this thing. There is also an intersection between the two, that is, the author sometimes uses rendering to play a comparative role; Other things used as foil can also be described by rendering.

10, associative imagination, the so-called association, is the psychological process of thinking of another thing from one thing, and the so-called imagination is the process of creating a new image on the basis of the original perceptual image. Associative imagination is often used together, which can enrich the content of the article, enrich the image and increase the artistic expression of the article.

Nine, demonstration method

1, metaphorical argument, its function is to put abstract truth in concrete images, making it easy to understand and be accepted by people.

2. Analogy argument, comparing two similar things by telling stories and analogy, thus naturally drawing a new conclusion. It is a combination of shallow and deep, near and far, vivid and convincing.

3. Demonstrate with examples and prove the argument with hard and typical facts. Facts speak louder than words and are very convincing.

4. Comparative argumentation, comparing with positive and negative examples or reasons, and proving the argument in comparison, the contrast is clear, the right and wrong are clear, and it is impressive.

5, citing arguments, authoritative and powerful.

6, extended argument, through the careful analysis of the reasons or results, layer by layer analysis, thus proving the correctness and rationality of the argument, wonderful and profound.

X. skills of answering questions

1, the examination of expression ability in the college entrance examination is mostly subjective, and it is necessary to organize accurate written expression. Expression can be divided into three stages: skill, content and effect. That is, what skills are used, what content is expressed and what effect is achieved.

2. Multi-angle: analysis of strips. Some paragraphs show more than one expression skill, and their functions (effects) cannot be exhausted in one or two sentences. Moreover, the word limit of the college entrance examination questions was cancelled. If time permits, we can analyze it from multiple angles and give a more comprehensive and detailed answer. Especially when answering general questions with high scores, you must set a serial number such as 123, so that it can be clear and clear, show the depth and breadth of the answer, and let the marking teacher know at a glance.

3. Use terminology:

First of all, we should memorize the names of some commonly used expression skills, such as dynamic and static contrast, seeing the big from the small, combining the virtual with the real, promoting first and then restraining, raising objects to express the ambition, connecting the preceding with the following, directly expressing ideas, setting off and rendering, comparing, symbolizing and contrasting.

Second, we should understand the function of some common skills, such as the function of metaphor is to turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete; The function of parallelism is to have a clear rhythm, enhance the momentum and facilitate lyric; The first person is true, the second person is cordial and the third person is objective;

Third, we should understand some commonly used procedures, such as what is embodied, what is emphasized, what is strengthened, what is created, what is expressed, what is deepened, and the theme is clear.