From early Egypt, Greece and Rome to medieval Europe, the monarch, as a sacred role between man and god, was both a secular leader and a religious leader. In medieval Europe, due to the prevalence of Catholicism, the papacy was much higher than the monarchical power, and the monarchical power was largely restricted by governors. In Britain, there is even a legal tradition that restricts monarchy like the Magna Carta.
From 16 to 18, European countries strengthened their monarchical power one after another, and the establishment of national churches strengthened the absolute monarchy, and even a monarchical state with the integration of politics and religion appeared. However, from 17, Britain and other countries began to standardize the monarchy, stipulating that its power came from the people.
China autocracy:
1, solid economic foundation: the economic foundation mainly lies in two points: state-owned land; Self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy
2. The emperor has overall power in the world, including administrative, financial, judicial and military power, and at the same time controls religious forces with force as the forerunner.
The emperor has a huge bureaucracy. The trend of bureaucracy is that the emperor appoints cronies and always replaces and empties the huge bureaucracy. The emperor trusted the officials around him, not the normal decision-making administrative system. In view of the normal administrative organs, they often use two methods to limit their administrative functions: one is overhead, and the other is decentralization.
Therefore, the prime minister established in Qin and Han Dynasties was replaced by Shangshu in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the late Wei and Jin Dynasties, Han Shu Province appeared, which replaced the history books. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a province under the door, which replaced the province of Zhongshu. The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty and the Ministry of War of the Qing Dynasty are also examples in which the inner dynasty challenged the outer dynasty. In ancient times, the normal administrative decision-making system included the system of discussion at the DPRK and the system of remonstration, but neither of them existed in the internal decision-making of North Korea.
4. The central government has strict personal control: (1) It was the first to implement population statistics and household registration management, such as the "official martial arts organization", which incorporated the people into the official martial arts (Guan Zhong formulated 10 households as one household, five households as one household, presidents and chiefs, controlled the grassroots, and had a reporting system and a punishment system); Another example is Shang Yang's "sitting together" method, which compiles Wu and history through household registration, denouncing each other and sitting together with the same crime.
Generally speaking, the county magistrate is directly appointed by the emperor. There are township (10 pavilion is a township), pavilion (10 is a pavilion), Li (25 households are a mile), Shi, Wu and other organizations under the county. They manage people, land and taxes, so that farmers can be fixed on the land. In this way, it is impossible for civilians to move.