There are two main types of exam compositions: narrative and argumentative.
First, the narrative writing outline
1, to write the title
The title of the article is like a human eye, and it is also a window to see through the soul. As the saying goes, "A good composition is half the battle."
The title must have a certain function: either explain the narrative elements, or reveal the main idea of the article, or contain profound meaning, or be novel and unique to attract readers.
Narrative title writing: either directly on people, things and things, or on time and place, or on rhetoric such as metaphor and personification.
2. Writing points
The main points of narrative writing include time, place, people, events, causes, processes, results and influences.
Write some things. Which ones? What is the purpose of each work?
What's the order of these things? The reason for this arrangement should be clear.
How to design the process of events? It has to be something special.
There are several things that must be written around a center. What is this center? This must be clear-because this is the main idea of the article.
3. Thinking structure
The narrative of college entrance examination should be a complex narrative, or the story is full of twists and turns, so we should design four stages of the story: beginning, development, climax and ending.
Either the characters are full, they need to be portrayed from details such as appearance, language, behavior and psychology, and they need to be set off by the environment. Either the structure is exquisite and unique, then we should make good use of flashback, interpolation, bedding, comparison, bedding and surprise.
If a person has a lot of things to do or many people have a lot of things to do, we must first arrange the clues, that is, the lines with a series of events. If the transition between events is not good, you can take picture (shot) juxtaposition (subtitle).
4, the effect of each layer
It is most important to list the general idea of each layer in the outline. How many paragraphs should each layer contain? What do the paragraphs write in turn? The general idea of each layer includes what is written in that layer and what character and conduct the characters embody.
5. Expression skills
Expression skills should be implemented at every level.
Narrative techniques include characterization, environmental description, lyricism, plot design (twists and turns, bedding, foreshadowing, or unexpected encounter), structural techniques (coordination from beginning to end, suppression before promotion, expression of ambition), and the use of figures of speech.
Second, the outline of argumentative writing
1, to write the title
The title of an argumentative essay is more important than the title of a narrative.
The proper functions of argumentative title include: either revealing the central topic or argument, or creating new ideas to attract readers.
The topic of the composition in the examination room requires innovation, and the methods of drafting the topic include direct pointing, concept juxtaposition, quotation, image rhetoric, poetic expression, suspense setting, clever use of formula symbols, combination of Chinese and foreign, weird and different methods, etc. (A separate topic will be set for detailed explanation)
2. Central arguments and sub-arguments
Defining the central argument is the first important thing in writing the outline of an argumentative paper. The central argument cannot be a negative sentence, but an affirmative sentence expressing a statement or judgment. If we want to set up several sub-arguments around the central argument, it can be parallel from different angles, positive and negative contrast at different levels, or stratification from low to high, from shallow to deep, from individual to group, from phenomenon to essence. The concept of sub-arguments should be either parallel, affirmative, negative or progressive, and never cross or even overlap. The sentence structure of sub-arguments can be consistent, that is, parallel form (suitable for juxtaposition and contrast) or flexible form (suitable for progression).
3. Thinking structure
The idea is to conceive how to write on the basis of determining the argument, including the structure of writing, the order of writing and the collection and classification of writing materials.
On the whole, the structure of argumentative essays is mostly in the form of total score, that is, putting forward the central argument from the phenomenon or problem, then analyzing the pros and cons of the problem from the perspective of "why", and finally putting forward the solution to the problem from the perspective of "how to do it", and taking care of the full text at the end to deepen the theme. As far as the local structure is concerned, there are three kinds: juxtaposition (juxtaposition of arguments and arguments), pros and cons (contrast of arguments and pros and cons) and hierarchy (deepening of arguments).
The order of argumentative writing is better, but we should also pay attention to the logical order of arguments, from simple to complex, from low to high, and the order of material application should also pay attention to from ancient times to the present, from middle to outside, from fine to simple.
4, screening materials
After determining the structure of arguments, sub-arguments and writing ideas, we should collect relevant materials widely according to the needs of writing, one is what we know in our usual study, the other is what we have accumulated consciously, the third is the common phenomenon in real society, and the fourth is the details of phenomena in our lives.
The materials include cases of famous celebrities at home and abroad, cases of characters learned from middle school texts (Chinese, history, politics), ancient poems and sentences in and out of class, some special cases accumulated in peacetime, news events at home and abroad in recent years, famous network events in recent years, common phenomena in social life, etc. The latter is superior to the former. Collect as many materials as possible, and then compare them with the raw materials one by one, leaving the ones with great similarity and excluding all those that are not. According to the key points of the argument, especially the sub-arguments, assign the remaining materials to each paragraph one by one, and indicate the detailed arrangements when writing.
5. Demonstration method
Argumentative argumentation methods mainly include:
Demonstrate with examples. Facts speak louder than words, and examples are the most basic and fundamental method of argument. Examples include the use of individual cases and phenomena, detailed cases and simple cases; It also includes the collocation of various examples, such as ancient and modern Chinese and foreign, detailed and sparse, cases and phenomena, celebrities and ordinary people, positive and negative, nature and human beings.
Metaphorical argument. Compare life, society and life with all things and phenomena in nature; Metaphor argument must pay attention to the similarity between vehicle and ontology, which is consistent with the central argument.
I am not as good as a famous movie in quoting arguments. Proper quoting of famous sayings, poems and songs, folk proverbs and common sayings not only makes the arguments strong, but also adds a lot of color to the language.
Comparative argument. Only contrast can distinguish, good contrast can make people see at a glance, but the center of energy is more prominent. Note that there must be contrast points in the comparison, which must meet the requirements of the argument.
6. Demonstration and analysis methods
The methods of argumentation analysis mainly include causal analysis, hypothesis analysis, comparative analysis, effect analysis, progressive analysis and stripping analysis. No matter which analysis method is adopted, it is necessary to come straight to the point and point to the center. No matter what kind of analysis method is used, it must be well-founded and can't talk nonsense.
There is an old saying in China that "it's too early to be good". "Good" and "fast" are a major contradiction in composition in examination room. Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions is well written, but it took him 10 years to finish it. Of course, given 20 years, we will certainly not be able to write a work comparable to A Dream of Red Mansions. However, if Cao Xueqin is left in today's examination room, the bell of the next exam will ring when he has just begun to "deliberate". Needless to say, it is impossible to be admitted to a scholar. Therefore, in order to write quickly and well, it is very necessary to make a writing outline first. Sharpening a knife is not a mistake for a woodcutter. Sketching the outline is sharpening the knife, and the knife is ground. Dealing with that 800-word essay will break like a bamboo pole.
Editor: Heart Table